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diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md b/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7da7d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md @@ -0,0 +1,547 @@ +--- +title: Go's http package by example +description: >- + The basics of using, testing, and composing apps built using go's net/http + package. +--- + +Go's [http](http://golang.org/pkg/net/http/) package has turned into one of my +favorite things about the Go programming language. Initially it appears to be +somewhat complex, but in reality it can be broken down into a couple of simple +components that are extremely flexible in how they can be used. This guide will +cover the basic ideas behind the http package, as well as examples in using, +testing, and composing apps built with it. + +This guide assumes you have some basic knowledge of what an interface in Go is, +and some idea of how HTTP works and what it can do. + +## Handler + +The building block of the entire http package is the `http.Handler` interface, +which is defined as follows: + +```go +type Handler interface { + ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request) +} +``` + +Once implemented the `http.Handler` can be passed to `http.ListenAndServe`, +which will call the `ServeHTTP` method on every incoming request. + +`http.Request` contains all relevant information about an incoming http request +which is being served by your `http.Handler`. + +The `http.ResponseWriter` is the interface through which you can respond to the +request. It implements the `io.Writer` interface, so you can use methods like +`fmt.Fprintf` to write a formatted string as the response body, or ones like +`io.Copy` to write out the contents of a file (or any other `io.Reader`). The +response code can be set before you begin writing data using the `WriteHeader` +method. + +Here's an example of an extremely simple http server: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +type helloHandler struct{} + +func (h helloHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, you've hit %s\n", r.URL.Path) +} + +func main() { + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", helloHandler{}) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +`http.ListenAndServe` serves requests using the handler, listening on the given +address:port. It will block unless it encounters an error listening, in which +case we `log.Fatal`. + +Here's an example of using this handler with curl: + +``` + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/foo/bar + hello, you've hit /foo/bar +``` + + +## HandlerFunc + +Often defining a full type to implement the `http.Handler` interface is a bit +overkill, especially for extremely simple `ServeHTTP` functions like the one +above. The `http` package provides a helper function, `http.HandlerFunc`, which +wraps a function which has the signature +`func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)`, returning an `http.Handler` +which will call it in all cases. + +The following behaves exactly like the previous example, but uses +`http.HandlerFunc` instead of defining a new type. + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +func main() { + h := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, you've hit %s\n", r.URL.Path) + }) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +## ServeMux + +On their own, the previous examples don't seem all that useful. If we wanted to +have different behavior for different endpoints we would end up with having to +parse path strings as well as numerous `if` or `switch` statements. Luckily +we're provided with `http.ServeMux`, which does all of that for us. Here's an +example of it being used: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +func main() { + h := http.NewServeMux() + + h.HandleFunc("/foo", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintln(w, "Hello, you hit foo!") + }) + + h.HandleFunc("/bar", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintln(w, "Hello, you hit bar!") + }) + + h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.WriteHeader(404) + fmt.Fprintln(w, "You're lost, go home") + }) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +The `http.ServeMux` is itself an `http.Handler`, so it can be passed into +`http.ListenAndServe`. When it receives a request it will check if the request's +path is prefixed by any of its known paths, choosing the longest prefix match it +can find. We use the `/` endpoint as a catch-all to catch any requests to +unknown endpoints. Here's some examples of it being used: + +``` + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/foo +Hello, you hit foo! + + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/bar +Hello, you hit bar! + + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/baz +You're lost, go home +``` + +`http.ServeMux` has both `Handle` and `HandleFunc` methods. These do the same +thing, except that `Handle` takes in an `http.Handler` while `HandleFunc` merely +takes in a function, implicitly wrapping it just as `http.HandlerFunc` does. + +### Other muxes + +There are numerous replacements for `http.ServeMux` like +[gorilla/mux](http://www.gorillatoolkit.org/pkg/mux) which give you things like +automatically pulling variables out of paths, easily asserting what http methods +are allowed on an endpoint, and more. Most of these replacements will implement +`http.Handler` like `http.ServeMux` does, and accept `http.Handler`s as +arguments, and so are easy to use in conjunction with the rest of the things +I'm going to talk about in this post. + +## Composability + +When I say that the `http` package is composable I mean that it is very easy to +create re-usable pieces of code and glue them together into a new working +application. The `http.Handler` interface is the way all pieces communicate with +each other. Here's an example of where we use the same `http.Handler` to handle +multiple endpoints, each slightly differently: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +type numberDumper int + +func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) +} + +func main() { + h := http.NewServeMux() + + h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) + h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) + h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) + h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) + h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) + + h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.WriteHeader(404) + fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") + }) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +`numberDumper` implements `http.Handler`, and can be passed into the +`http.ServeMux` multiple times to serve multiple endpoints. Here's it in action: + +``` + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/one +Here's your number: 1 + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/five +Here's your number: 5 + ~ $ curl localhost:9999/bazillion +That's not a supported number! +``` + +## Testing + +Testing http endpoints is extremely easy in Go, and doesn't even require you to +actually listen on any ports! The `httptest` package provides a few handy +utilities, including `NewRecorder` which implements `http.ResponseWriter` and +allows you to effectively make an http request by calling `ServeHTTP` directly. +Here's an example of a test for our previously implemented `numberDumper`, +commented with what exactly is happening: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "net/http" + "net/http/httptest" + . "testing" +) + +func TestNumberDumper(t *T) { + // We first create the http.Handler we wish to test + n := numberDumper(1) + + // We create an http.Request object to test with. The http.Request is + // totally customizable in every way that a real-life http request is, so + // even the most intricate behavior can be tested + r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/one", nil) + + // httptest.Recorder implements the http.ResponseWriter interface, and as + // such can be passed into ServeHTTP to receive the response. It will act as + // if all data being given to it is being sent to a real client, when in + // reality it's being buffered for later observation + w := httptest.NewRecorder() + + // Pass in our httptest.Recorder and http.Request to our numberDumper. At + // this point the numberDumper will act just as if it was responding to a + // real request + n.ServeHTTP(w, r) + + // httptest.Recorder gives a number of fields and methods which can be used + // to observe the response made to our request. Here we check the response + // code + if w.Code != 200 { + t.Fatalf("wrong code returned: %d", w.Code) + } + + // We can also get the full body out of the httptest.Recorder, and check + // that its contents are what we expect + body := w.Body.String() + if body != fmt.Sprintf("Here's your number: 1\n") { + t.Fatalf("wrong body returned: %s", body) + } + +} +``` + +In this way it's easy to create tests for your individual components that you +are using to build your application, keeping the tests near to the functionality +they're testing. + +Note: if you ever do need to spin up a test server in your tests, `httptest` +also provides a way to create a server listening on a random open port for use +in tests as well. + +## Middleware + +Serving endpoints is nice, but often there's functionality you need to run for +*every* request before the actual endpoint's handler is run. For example, access +logging. A middleware component is one which implements `http.Handler`, but will +actually pass the request off to another `http.Handler` after doing some set of +actions. The `http.ServeMux` we looked at earlier is actually an example of +middleware, since it passes the request off to another `http.Handler` for actual +processing. Here's an example of our previous example with some logging +middleware: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +type numberDumper int + +func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) +} + +func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { + return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) + h.ServeHTTP(w, r) + }) +} + +func main() { + h := http.NewServeMux() + + h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) + h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) + h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) + h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) + h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) + + h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.WriteHeader(404) + fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") + }) + + hl := logger(h) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", hl) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +`logger` is a function which takes in an `http.Handler` called `h`, and returns +a new `http.Handler` which, when called, will log the request it was called with +and then pass off its arguments to `h`. To use it we pass in our +`http.ServeMux`, so all incoming requests will first be handled by the logging +middleware before being passed to the `http.ServeMux`. + +Here's an example log entry which is output when the `/five` endpoint is hit: + +``` +2015/06/30 20:15:41 [::1]:34688 requested /five +``` + +## Middleware chaining + +Being able to chain middleware together is an incredibly useful ability which we +get almost for free, as long as we use the signature +`func(http.Handler) http.Handler`. A middleware component returns the same type +which is passed into it, so simply passing the output of one middleware +component into the other is sufficient. + +However, more complex behavior with middleware can be tricky. For instance, what +if you want a piece of middleware which takes in a parameter upon creation? +Here's an example of just that, with a piece of middleware which will set a +header and its value for all requests: + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" +) + +type numberDumper int + +func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) +} + +func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { + return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) + h.ServeHTTP(w, r) + }) +} + +type headerSetter struct { + key, val string + handler http.Handler +} + +func (hs headerSetter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.Header().Set(hs.key, hs.val) + hs.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r) +} + +func newHeaderSetter(key, val string) func(http.Handler) http.Handler { + return func(h http.Handler) http.Handler { + return headerSetter{key, val, h} + } +} + +func main() { + h := http.NewServeMux() + + h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) + h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) + h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) + h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) + h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) + + h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.WriteHeader(404) + fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") + }) + + hl := logger(h) + hhs := newHeaderSetter("X-FOO", "BAR")(hl) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", hhs) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +And here's the curl output: + +``` + ~ $ curl -i localhost:9999/three + HTTP/1.1 200 OK + X-Foo: BAR + Date: Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:39:48 GMT + Content-Length: 22 + Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 + + Here's your number: 3 + +``` + +`newHeaderSetter` returns a function which accepts and returns an +`http.Handler`. Calling that returned function with an `http.Handler` then gets +you an `http.Handler` which will set the header given to `newHeaderSetter` +before continuing on to the given `http.Handler`. + +This may seem like a strange way of organizing this; for this example the +signature for `newHeaderSetter` could very well have looked like this: + +``` +func newHeaderSetter(key, val string, h http.Handler) http.Handler +``` + +And that implementation would have worked fine. But it would have been more +difficult to compose going forward. In the next section I'll show what I mean. + +## Composing middleware with alice + +[Alice](https://github.com/justinas/alice) is a very simple and convenient +helper for working with middleware using the function signature we've been using +thusfar. Alice is used to create and use chains of middleware. Chains can even +be appended to each other, giving even further flexibility. Here's our previous +example with a couple more headers being set, but also using alice to manage the +added complexity. + +```go +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" + + "github.com/justinas/alice" +) + +type numberDumper int + +func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) +} + +func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { + return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) + h.ServeHTTP(w, r) + }) +} + +type headerSetter struct { + key, val string + handler http.Handler +} + +func (hs headerSetter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.Header().Set(hs.key, hs.val) + hs.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r) +} + +func newHeaderSetter(key, val string) func(http.Handler) http.Handler { + return func(h http.Handler) http.Handler { + return headerSetter{key, val, h} + } +} + +func main() { + h := http.NewServeMux() + + h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) + h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) + h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) + h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) + + fiveHS := newHeaderSetter("X-FIVE", "the best number") + h.Handle("/five", fiveHS(numberDumper(5))) + + h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + w.WriteHeader(404) + fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") + }) + + chain := alice.New( + newHeaderSetter("X-FOO", "BAR"), + newHeaderSetter("X-BAZ", "BUZ"), + logger, + ).Then(h) + + err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", chain) + log.Fatal(err) +} +``` + +In this example all requests will have the headers `X-FOO` and `X-BAZ` set, but +the `/five` endpoint will *also* have the `X-FIVE` header set. + +## Fin + +Starting with a simple idea of an interface, the `http` package allows us to +create for ourselves an incredibly useful and flexible (yet still rather simple) +ecosystem for building web apps with re-usable components, all without breaking +our static checks. |