From f3340ae5f4ac6c60823bf4d14e1fcdbeaaec353c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Brian Picciano Date: Sat, 21 May 2022 14:07:14 -0600 Subject: Remove old code related to static, it's not needed anymore --- .../2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md | 227 --------------------- 1 file changed, 227 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md (limited to 'static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md') diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md deleted file mode 100644 index 30139fb..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,227 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - A Simple Rule for Better Errors -description: >- - ...and some examples of the rule in action. -tags: tech ---- - -This post will describe a simple rule for writing error messages that I've -been using for some time and have found to be worthwhile. Using this rule I can -be sure that my errors are propagated upwards with everything needed to debug -problems, while not containing tons of extraneous or duplicate information. - -This rule is not specific to any particular language, pattern of error -propagation (e.g. exceptions, signals, simple strings), or method of embedding -information in errors (e.g. key/value pairs, formatted strings). - -I do not claim to have invented this system, I'm just describing it. - -## The Rule - -Without more ado, here's the rule: - -> A function sending back an error should not include information the caller -> could already know. - -Pretty simple, really, but the best rules are. Keeping to this rule will result -in error messages which, once propagated up to their final destination (usually -some kind of logger), will contain only the information relevant to the error -itself, with minimal duplication. - -The reason this rule works in tandem with good encapsulation of function -behavior. The caller of a function knows only the inputs to the function and, in -general terms, what the function is going to do with those inputs. If the -returned error only includes information outside of those two things then the -caller knows everything it needs to know about the error, and can continue on to -propagate that error up the stack (with more information tacked on if necessary) -or handle it in some other way. - -## Examples - -(For examples I'll use Go, but as previously mentioned this rule will be useful -in any other language as well.) - -Let's go through a few examples, to show the various ways that this rule can -manifest in actual code. - -**Example 1: Nothing to add** - -In this example we have a function which merely wraps a call to `io.Copy` for -two files: - -```go -func copyFile(dst, src *os.File) error { - _, err := io.Copy(dst, src) - return err -} -``` - -In this example there's no need to modify the error from `io.Copy` before -returning it to the caller. What would we even add? The caller already knows -which files were involved in the error, and that the error was encountered -during some kind of copy operation (since that's what the function says it -does), so there's nothing more to say about it. - -**Example 2: Annotating which step an error occurs at** - -In this example we will open a file, read its contents, and return them as a -string: - -```go -func readFile(path string) (string, error) { - f, err := os.Open(path) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err) - } - defer f.Close() - - contents, err := io.ReadAll(f) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents: %w", err) - } - - return string(contents), nil -} -``` - -In this example there are two different steps which could result in an error: -opening the file and reading its contents. If an error is returned then our -imaginary caller doesn't know which step the error occurred at. Using our rule -we can infer that it would be good to annotate at _which_ step the error is -from, so the caller is able to have a fuller picture of what went wrong. - -Note that each annotation does _not_ include the file path which was passed into -the function. The caller already knows this path, so an error being returned -back which reiterates the path is unnecessary. - -**Example 3: Annotating which argument was involved** - -In this example we will read two files using our function from example 2, and -return the concatenation of their contents as a string. - -```go -func concatFiles(pathA, pathB string) (string, error) { - contentsA, err := readFile(pathA) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents of %q: %w", pathA, err) - } - - contentsB, err := readFile(pathB) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents of %q: %w", pathB, err) - } - - return contentsA + contentsB, nil -} -``` - -Like in example 2 we annotate each error, but instead of annotating the action -we annotate which file path was involved in each error. This is because if we -simply annotated with the string `reading contents` like before it wouldn't be -clear to the caller _which_ file's contents couldn't be read. Therefore we -include which path the error is relevant to. - -**Example 4: Layering** - -In this example we will show how using this rule habitually results in easy to -read errors which contain all relevant information surrounding the error. Our -example reads one file, the "full" file, using our `readFile` function from -example 2. It then reads the concatenation of two files, the "split" files, -using our `concatFiles` function from example 3. It finally determines if the -two strings are equal: - -```go -func verifySplits(fullFilePath, splitFilePathA, splitFilePathB string) error { - fullContents, err := readFile(fullFilePath) - if err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("reading contents of full file: %w", err) - } - - splitContents, err := concatFiles(splitFilePathA, splitFilePathB) - if err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("reading concatenation of split files: %w", err) - } - - if fullContents != splitContents { - return errors.New("full file's contents do not match the split files' contents") - } - - return nil -} -``` - -As previously, we don't annotate the file paths for the different possible -errors, but instead say _which_ files were involved. The caller already knows -the paths, there's no need to reiterate them if there's another way of referring -to them. - -Let's see what our errors actually look like! We run our new function using the -following: - -```go - err := verifySplits("full.txt", "splitA.txt", "splitB.txt") - fmt.Println(err) -``` - -Let's say `full.txt` doesn't exist, we'll get the following error: - -``` -reading contents of full file: opening file: open full.txt: no such file or directory -``` - -The error is simple, and gives you everything you need to understand what went -wrong: while attempting to read the full file, during the opening of that file, -our code found that there was no such file. In fact, the error returned by -`os.Open` contains the name of the file, which goes against our rule, but it's -the standard library so what can ya do? - -Now, let's say that `splitA.txt` doesn't exist, then we'll get this error: - -``` -reading concatenation of split files: reading contents of "splitA.txt": opening file: open splitA.txt: no such file or directory -``` - -Now we did include the file path here, and so the standard library's failure to -follow our rule is causing us some repitition. But overall, within the parts of -the error we have control over, the error is concise and gives you everything -you need to know what happened. - -## Exceptions - -As with all rules, there are certainly exceptions. The primary one I've found is -that certain helper functions can benefit from bending this rule a bit. For -example, if there is a helper function which is called to verify some kind of -user input in many places, it can be helpful to include that input value within -the error returned from the helper function: - -```go -func verifyInput(str string) error { - if err := check(str); err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("input %q was bad: %w", str, err) - } - return nil -} -``` - -`str` is known to the caller so, according to our rule, we don't need to include -it in the error. But if you're going to end up wrapping the error returned from -`verifyInput` with `str` at every call site anyway it can be convenient to save -some energy and break the rule. It's a trade-off, convenience in exchange for -consistency. - -Another exception might be made with regards to stack traces. - -In the set of examples given above I tended to annotate each error being -returned with a description of where in the function the error was being -returned from. If your language automatically includes some kind of stack trace -with every error, and if you find that you are generally able to reconcile that -stack trace with actual code, then it may be that annotating each error site is -unnecessary, except when annotating actual runtime values (e.g. an input -string). - -As in all things with programming, there are no hard rules; everything is up to -interpretation and the specific use-case being worked on. That said, I hope what -I've laid out here will prove generally useful to you, in whatever way you might -try to use it. - -- cgit v1.2.3