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Diffstat (limited to 'static/src')
131 files changed, 0 insertions, 15289 deletions
diff --git a/static/src/404.html b/static/src/404.html deleted file mode 100644 index 7ac50a5..0000000 --- a/static/src/404.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: default ---- - -<div style="text-align: center; margin-top:5rem;"> - <h1>404</h1> - <p><strong>Page not found :(</strong></p> -</div> diff --git a/static/src/_config.yml b/static/src/_config.yml deleted file mode 100644 index 44128ab..0000000 --- a/static/src/_config.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -title: Mediocre Blog -author: Brian Picciano -email: mediocregopher@gmail.com -description: >- - A mix of tech, art, travel, and who knows what else. -url: https://blog.mediocregopher.com -hub_url: https://mediocregopher.eth.link -rss: rss -highlighter: rouge - -defaults: - - scope: - path: "_posts" - values: - layout: "post" - -plugins: - - jekyll-feed - - jekyll-seo-tag - - jekyll-relative-links - - jekyll-sitemap - -date_format: "%b %-d, %Y" - -img_widths: - - 500 - - 1000 - - 1500 - - 2000 - - 2500 - - 3000 - -feed: - tags: true diff --git a/static/src/_includes/footer.html b/static/src/_includes/footer.html deleted file mode 100644 index f66a879..0000000 --- a/static/src/_includes/footer.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -<footer> - <p class="license light"> - Unless otherwised specified, all works are licensed under the - <a href="{{ '/assets/wtfpl.txt' | relative_url}}">WTFPL</a>. - </p> -</footer> - diff --git a/static/src/_includes/head.html b/static/src/_includes/head.html deleted file mode 100644 index 7ce8287..0000000 --- a/static/src/_includes/head.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -<head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - {%- seo -%} - <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "/assets/normalize.css" | relative_url }}"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "/assets/skeleton.css" | relative_url }}"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "/assets/friendly.css" | relative_url }}"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "/assets/main.css" | relative_url }}"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "/assets/fontawesome/css/all.css" | relative_url }}"> - {%- feed_meta -%} -</head> diff --git a/static/src/_includes/header.html b/static/src/_includes/header.html deleted file mode 100644 index e63b0f5..0000000 --- a/static/src/_includes/header.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -<header id="title-header" role="banner"> - <div class="row"> - <div class="seven columns" style="margin-bottom: 3rem;"> - <h1 class="title"> - <a href="{{ "/" | relative_url }}">{{ site.title | escape }}</a> - </h1> - <div class="light social"> - <span>By {{ site.author | escape }}</span> - <span> - Even more @ - <a href="{{ site.hub_url }}" target="_blank">{{ site.hub_url }}</a> - </span> - </div> - </div> - {%- if!page.nofollow != true %} - <div class="five columns light"> - <span style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5rem;">Get notified when new posts are published!</span> - <a href="{{ "/follow.html" | relative_url }}"><button class="button-primary"> - <i class="far fa-envelope"></i> - Follow - </button></a> - <a href="{{ "/feed.xml" | relative_url }}"><button class="button"> - <i class="fas fa-rss"></i> - RSS - </button></a> - </div> - {% endif -%} - </div> -</header> diff --git a/static/src/_includes/image.html b/static/src/_includes/image.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8875050..0000000 --- a/static/src/_includes/image.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -<div style=" - box-sizing: border-box; - text-align: center; - padding-left: 2em; - padding-right: 2em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - {%- if include.float %} - float: {{ include.float }}; - {% endif -%} - {%- if include.float or include.inline %} - max-width: 49%; - {% endif -%} - {%- if include.inline %} - display: inline-block; - {% endif -%} - "> - <a href="/img/{{ include.dir }}/{{ include.file }}" target="_blank"> - <picture> - {%- if include.width %} - {%- for targetWidth in site.img_widths reversed -%} - {% if include.width <= targetWidth %}{% continue %}{% endif %} - {%- if targetWidth > 1000 %} - <source media="(min-width: 1000px) and (min-resolution: {{ targetWidth | divided_by: 1000.0 }}dppx)" - {%- elsif targetWidth > 500 %} - <source media="(min-width: 500px), (min-resolution: 1.1dppx)" - {%- else %} - <source - {% endif %} - srcset="/img/{{ include.dir }}/{{ targetWidth }}px/{{ include.file }}" - > - {%- endfor %} - {%- endif %} - <img style="max-height: 60vh;" - {% if include.width < 1000 %} - src="/img/{{ include.dir }}/{{ include.file }}" - {% else %} - src="/img/{{ include.dir }}/1000px/{{ include.file }}" - {% endif %} - alt="{{ include.descr }}" /> - </picture> - </a> - {%- if include.descr %}<br/><em>{{ include.descr }}</em>{%- endif %} -</div> diff --git a/static/src/_layouts/code.html b/static/src/_layouts/code.html deleted file mode 100644 index 18cfb3b..0000000 --- a/static/src/_layouts/code.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: default ---- - -{% capture body %}```{{ page.lang | default: "go" }} -{% include_relative {{ page.include }} %}```{% endcapture %} - -<br/><a href="{{ page.include }}">Raw source file</a> - -{{ body | markdownify }} diff --git a/static/src/_layouts/default.html b/static/src/_layouts/default.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5df9d6d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_layouts/default.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html lang="{{ page.lang | default: site.lang | default: "en" }}"> - - {%- include head.html -%} - - <body> - - <div class="container"> - - {%- include header.html -%} - - <main aria-label="Content"> - {{ content }} - </main> - - {%- include footer.html -%} - - </div> - - </body> - -</html> diff --git a/static/src/_layouts/page.html b/static/src/_layouts/page.html deleted file mode 100644 index 469413a..0000000 --- a/static/src/_layouts/page.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: default ---- - -<header id="post-header"> - <h1 id="post-headline" itemprop="name headline"> - {{ page.title | escape }} - </h1> -</header> - -<div id="post-content"> - {{ content }} -</div> diff --git a/static/src/_layouts/post.html b/static/src/_layouts/post.html deleted file mode 100644 index d55f3eb..0000000 --- a/static/src/_layouts/post.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: default ---- -<article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> - - <header id="post-header"> - <h1 id="post-headline" itemprop="name headline"> - {{ page.title | escape }} - </h1> - <div class="light"> - <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> - <span itemprop="name">{{ site.author }}</span> - </span> - <!-- • --> - <time datetime="{{ page.date | date_to_xmlschema }}" itemprop="datePublished"> - {{ page.date | date: site.date_format }} - </time> - • - {%- if page.updated %} - <time datetime="{{ page.updated | date_to_xmlschema }}" itemprop="dateModified"> - (Updated {{ page.updated | date: site.date_format }}) - </time> - • - {% endif -%} - <description itemprop="about"><em>{{ page.description }}</em></description> - </div> - </header> - - {% if page.series %} - {% assign foundThis = false %} - {% for post in site.posts reversed %} - {% if post.series == page.series %} - {% if post.url == page.url %} - {% assign foundThis = true %} - {% elsif foundThis %} - {% assign next = post %} - {% break %} - {% else %} - {% assign prev = post %} - {% endif %} - {% endif %} - {% endfor %} - {% if prev or next %} - <p class="light"><em> - This post is part of a series:<br/> - {% if prev %} - Previously: <a href="{{ prev.url | relative_url }}">{{ prev.title }}</a></br> - {% endif %} - {% if next %} - Next: <a href="{{ next.url | relative_url }}">{{ next.title }}</a></br> - {% endif %} - </em></p> - {% endif %} - {% endif %} - - <div id="post-content" itemprop="articleBody"> - {{ content }} - </div> - - {% if page.git_repo %} - <p class="light"> - <em>To check this project out locally:</em></br> - <pre><code>git clone {{ page.git_repo }} -{% if page.git_commit %}git checkout {{ page.git_commit }}{% endif %}</code></pre> - </p> - {% endif %} - - {% if prev or next %} - <p class="light"><em> - If you liked this post, consider checking out other posts in the series:<br/> - {% if prev %} - Previously: <a href="{{ prev.url | relative_url }}">{{ prev.title }}</a></br> - {% endif %} - {% if next %} - Next: <a href="{{ next.url | relative_url }}">{{ next.title }}</a></br> - {% endif %} - </em></p> - {% endif %} - -</article> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2013-04-09-erlang-tcp-socket-pull-pattern.md b/static/src/_posts/2013-04-09-erlang-tcp-socket-pull-pattern.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4c9151f..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2013-04-09-erlang-tcp-socket-pull-pattern.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,257 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Erlang, tcp sockets, and active true" -description: >- - Using `{active:once}` isn't always the best way to handle connections. -tags: tech ---- - -If you don't know erlang then [you're missing out][0]. If you do know erlang, -you've probably at some point done something with tcp sockets. Erlang's highly -concurrent model of execution lends itself well to server programs where a high -number of active connections is desired. Each thread can autonomously handle its -single client, greatly simplifying the logic of the whole application while -still retaining [great performance characteristics][1]. - -## Background - -For an erlang thread which owns a single socket there are three different ways -to receive data off of that socket. These all revolve around the `active` -[setopts][2] flag. A socket can be set to one of: - -* `{active,false}` - All data must be obtained through [recv/2][3] calls. This - amounts to syncronous socket reading. - -* `{active,true}` - All data on the socket gets sent to the controlling thread - as a normal erlang message. It is the thread's - responsibility to keep up with the buffered data in the - message queue. This amounts to asyncronous socket reading. - -* `{active,once}` - When set the socket is placed in `{active,true}` for a - single packet. That is, once set the thread can expect a - single message to be sent to when data comes in. To receive - any more data off of the socket the socket must either be - read from using [recv/2][3] or be put in `{active,once}` or - `{active,true}`. - -## Which to use? - -Many (most?) tutorials advocate using `{active,once}` in your application -\[0]\[1]\[2]. This has to do with usability and security. When in `{active,true}` -it's possible for a client to flood the connection faster than the receiving -process will process those messages, potentially eating up a lot of memory in -the VM. However, if you want to be able to receive both tcp data messages as -well as other messages from other erlang processes at the same time you can't -use `{active,false}`. So `{active,once}` is generally preferred because it -deals with both of these problems quite well. - -## Why not to use `{active,once}` - -Here's what your classic `{active,once}` enabled tcp socket implementation will -probably look like: - -```erlang --module(tcp_test). --compile(export_all). - --define(TCP_OPTS, [ - binary, - {packet, raw}, - {nodelay,true}, - {active, false}, - {reuseaddr, true}, - {keepalive,true}, - {backlog,500} -]). - -%Start listening -listen(Port) -> - {ok, L} = gen_tcp:listen(Port, ?TCP_OPTS), - ?MODULE:accept(L). - -%Accept a connection -accept(L) -> - {ok, Socket} = gen_tcp:accept(L), - ?MODULE:read_loop(Socket), - io:fwrite("Done reading, connection was closed\n"), - ?MODULE:accept(L). - -%Read everything it sends us -read_loop(Socket) -> - inet:setopts(Socket, [{active, once}]), - receive - {tcp, _, _} -> - do_stuff_here, - ?MODULE:read_loop(Socket); - {tcp_closed, _}-> donezo; - {tcp_error, _, _} -> donezo - end. -``` - -This code isn't actually usable for a production system; it doesn't even spawn a -new process for the new socket. But that's not the point I'm making. If I run it -with `tcp_test:listen(8000)`, and in other window do: - -```bash -while [ 1 ]; do echo "aloha"; done | nc localhost 8000 -``` - -We'll be flooding the the server with data pretty well. Using [eprof][4] we can -get an idea of how our code performs, and where the hang-ups are: - -```erlang -1> eprof:start(). -{ok,<0.34.0>} - -2> P = spawn(tcp_test,listen,[8000]). -<0.36.0> - -3> eprof:start_profiling([P]). -profiling - -4> running_the_while_loop. -running_the_while_loop - -5> eprof:stop_profiling(). -profiling_stopped - -6> eprof:analyze(procs,[{sort,time}]). - -****** Process <0.36.0> -- 100.00 % of profiled time *** -FUNCTION CALLS % TIME [uS / CALLS] --------- ----- --- ---- [----------] -prim_inet:type_value_2/2 6 0.00 0 [ 0.00] - -....snip.... - -prim_inet:enc_opts/2 6 0.00 8 [ 1.33] -prim_inet:setopts/2 12303599 1.85 1466319 [ 0.12] -tcp_test:read_loop/1 12303598 2.22 1761775 [ 0.14] -prim_inet:encode_opt_val/1 12303599 3.50 2769285 [ 0.23] -prim_inet:ctl_cmd/3 12303600 4.29 3399333 [ 0.28] -prim_inet:enc_opt_val/2 24607203 5.28 4184818 [ 0.17] -inet:setopts/2 12303598 5.72 4533863 [ 0.37] -erlang:port_control/3 12303600 77.13 61085040 [ 4.96] -``` - -eprof shows us where our process is spending the majority of its time. The `%` -column indicates percentage of time the process spent during profiling inside -any function. We can pretty clearly see that the vast majority of time was spent -inside `erlang:port_control/3`, the BIF that `inet:setopts/2` uses to switch the -socket to `{active,once}` mode. Amongst the calls which were called on every -loop, it takes up by far the most amount of time. In addition all of those other -calls are also related to `inet:setopts/2`. - -I'm gonna rewrite our little listen server to use `{active,true}`, and we'll do -it all again: - -```erlang --module(tcp_test). --compile(export_all). - --define(TCP_OPTS, [ - binary, - {packet, raw}, - {nodelay,true}, - {active, false}, - {reuseaddr, true}, - {keepalive,true}, - {backlog,500} -]). - -%Start listening -listen(Port) -> - {ok, L} = gen_tcp:listen(Port, ?TCP_OPTS), - ?MODULE:accept(L). - -%Accept a connection -accept(L) -> - {ok, Socket} = gen_tcp:accept(L), - inet:setopts(Socket, [{active, true}]), %Well this is new - ?MODULE:read_loop(Socket), - io:fwrite("Done reading, connection was closed\n"), - ?MODULE:accept(L). - -%Read everything it sends us -read_loop(Socket) -> - %inet:setopts(Socket, [{active, once}]), - receive - {tcp, _, _} -> - do_stuff_here, - ?MODULE:read_loop(Socket); - {tcp_closed, _}-> donezo; - {tcp_error, _, _} -> donezo - end. -``` - -And the profiling results: - -```erlang -1> eprof:start(). -{ok,<0.34.0>} - -2> P = spawn(tcp_test,listen,[8000]). -<0.36.0> - -3> eprof:start_profiling([P]). -profiling - -4> running_the_while_loop. -running_the_while_loop - -5> eprof:stop_profiling(). -profiling_stopped - -6> eprof:analyze(procs,[{sort,time}]). - -****** Process <0.36.0> -- 100.00 % of profiled time *** -FUNCTION CALLS % TIME [uS / CALLS] --------- ----- --- ---- [----------] -prim_inet:enc_value_1/3 7 0.00 1 [ 0.14] -prim_inet:decode_opt_val/1 1 0.00 1 [ 1.00] -inet:setopts/2 1 0.00 2 [ 2.00] -prim_inet:setopts/2 2 0.00 2 [ 1.00] -prim_inet:enum_name/2 1 0.00 2 [ 2.00] -erlang:port_set_data/2 1 0.00 2 [ 2.00] -inet_db:register_socket/2 1 0.00 3 [ 3.00] -prim_inet:type_value_1/3 7 0.00 3 [ 0.43] - -.... snip .... - -prim_inet:type_opt_1/1 19 0.00 7 [ 0.37] -prim_inet:enc_value/3 7 0.00 7 [ 1.00] -prim_inet:enum_val/2 6 0.00 7 [ 1.17] -prim_inet:dec_opt_val/1 7 0.00 7 [ 1.00] -prim_inet:dec_value/2 6 0.00 10 [ 1.67] -prim_inet:enc_opt/1 13 0.00 12 [ 0.92] -prim_inet:type_opt/2 19 0.00 33 [ 1.74] -erlang:port_control/3 3 0.00 59 [ 19.67] -tcp_test:read_loop/1 20716370 100.00 12187488 [ 0.59] -``` - -This time our process spent almost no time at all (according to eprof, 0%) -fiddling with the socket opts. Instead it spent all of its time in the -read_loop doing the work we actually want to be doing. - -## So what does this mean? - -I'm by no means advocating never using `{active,once}`. The security concern is -still a completely valid concern and one that `{active,once}` mitigates quite -well. I'm simply pointing out that this mitigation has some fairly serious -performance implications which have the potential to bite you if you're not -careful, especially in cases where a socket is going to be receiving a large -amount of traffic. - -## Meta - -These tests were done using R15B03, but I've done similar ones in R14 and found -similar results. I have not tested R16. - -* \[0] http://learnyousomeerlang.com/buckets-of-sockets -* \[1] http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/gen_tcp.html#examples -* \[2] http://erlycoder.com/25/erlang-tcp-server-tcp-client-sockets-with-gen_tcp - -[0]: http://learnyousomeerlang.com/content -[1]: http://www.metabrew.com/article/a-million-user-comet-application-with-mochiweb-part-1 -[2]: http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/inet.html#setopts-2 -[3]: http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/gen_tcp.html#recv-2 -[4]: http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/eprof.html diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2013-07-11-goplus.md b/static/src/_posts/2013-07-11-goplus.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5e63eb2..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2013-07-11-goplus.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,78 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Go+ -description: >- - A simple proof-of-concept script for doing go dependency management. -tags: tech ---- - -Compared to other languages go has some strange behavior regarding its project -root settings. If you import a library called `somelib`, go will look for a -`src/somelib` folder in all of the folders in the `$GOPATH` environment -variable. This works nicely for globally installed packages, but it makes -encapsulating a project with a specific version, or modified version, rather -tedious. Whenever you go to work on this project you'll have to add its path to -your `$GOPATH`, or add the path permanently, which could break other projects -which may use a different version of `somelib`. - -My solution is in the form of a simple script I'm calling go+. go+ will search -in currrent directory and all of its parents for a file called `GOPROJROOT`. If -it finds that file in a directory, it prepends that directory's absolute path to -your `$GOPATH` and stops the search. Regardless of whether or not `GOPROJROOT` -was found go+ will passthrough all arguments to the actual go call. The -modification to `$GOPATH` will only last the duration of the call. - -As an example, consider the following: -``` -/tmp - /hello - GOPROJROOT - /src - /somelib/somelib.go - /hello.go -``` - -If `hello.go` depends on `somelib`, as long as you run go+ from `/tmp/hello` or -one of its children your project will still compile - -Here is the source code for go+: - -```bash -#!/bin/sh - -SEARCHING_FOR=GOPROJROOT -ORIG_DIR=$(pwd) - -STOPSEARCH=0 -SEARCH_DIR=$ORIG_DIR -while [ $STOPSEARCH = 0 ]; do - - RES=$( find $SEARCH_DIR -maxdepth 1 -type f -name $SEARCHING_FOR | \ - grep -P "$SEARCHING_FOR$" | \ - head -n1 ) - - if [ "$RES" = "" ]; then - if [ "$SEARCH_DIR" = "/" ]; then - STOPSEARCH=1 - fi - cd .. - SEARCH_DIR=$(pwd) - else - export GOPATH=$SEARCH_DIR:$GOPATH - STOPSEARCH=1 - fi -done - -cd "$ORIG_DIR" -exec go $@ -``` - -## UPDATE: Goat - -I'm leaving this post for posterity, but go+ has some serious flaws in it. For -one, it doesn't allow for specifying the version of a dependency you want to -use. To this end, I wrote [goat][0] which does all the things go+ does, plus -real dependency management, PLUS it is built in a way that if you've been -following go's best-practices for code organization you shouldn't have to change -any of your existing code AT ALL. It's cool, check it out. - -[0]: http://github.com/mediocregopher/goat diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2013-10-08-generations.md b/static/src/_posts/2013-10-08-generations.md deleted file mode 100644 index 39e7cac..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2013-10-08-generations.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Generations -description: >- - A simple file distribution strategy for very large scale, high-availability - file-services. -tags: tech ---- - -## The problem - -At [cryptic.io][cryptic] we plan on having millions of different -files, any of which could be arbitrarily chosen to be served any given time. -These files are uploaded by users at arbitrary times. - -Scaling such a system is no easy task. The solution I've seen implemented in the -past involves shuffling files around on a nearly constant basis, making sure -that files which are more "popular" are on fast drives, while at the same time -making sure that no drives are at capicty and at the same time that all files, -even newly uploaded ones, are stored redundantly. - -The problem with this solution is one of coordination. At any given moment the -app needs to be able to "find" a file so it can give the client a link to -download the file from one of the servers that it's on. Full-filling this simple -requirement means that all datastores/caches where information about where a -file lives need to be up-to-date at all times, and even then there are -race-conditions and network failures to contend with, while at all times the -requirements of the app evolve and change. - -## A simpler solution - -Let's say you want all files which get uploaded to be replicated in triplicate -in some capacity. You buy three identical hard-disks, and put each on a separate -server. As files get uploaded by clients, each file gets put on each drive -immediately. When the drives are filled (which should be at around the same -time), you stop uploading to them. - -That was generation 0. - -You buy three more drives, and start putting all files on them instead. This is -going to be generation 1. Repeat until you run out of money. - -That's it. - -### That's it? - -It seems simple and obvious, and maybe it's the standard thing which is done, -but as far as I can tell no-one has written about it (though I'm probably not -searching for the right thing, let me know if this is the case!). - -### Advantages - -* It's so simple to implement, you could probably do it in a day if you're -starting a project from scratch - -* By definition of the scheme all files are replicated in multiple places. - -* Minimal information about where a file "is" needs to be stored. When a file is -uploaded all that's needed is to know what generation it is in, and then what -nodes/drives are in that generation. If the file's name is generated -server-side, then the file's generation could be *part* of its name, making -lookup even faster. - -* Drives don't need to "know" about each other. What I mean by this is that -whatever is running as the receive point for file-uploads on each drive doesn't -have to coordinate with its siblings running on the other drives in the -generation. In fact it doesn't need to coordinate with anyone. You could -literally rsync files onto your drives if you wanted to. I would recommend using -[marlin][0] though :) - -* Scaling is easy. When you run out of space you can simply start a new -generation. If you don't like playing that close to the chest there's nothing to -say you can't have two generations active at the same time. - -* Upgrading is easy. As long as a generation is not marked-for-upload, you can -easily copy all files in the generation into a new set of bigger, badder drives, -add those drives into the generation in your code, remove the old ones, then -mark the generation as uploadable again. - -* Distribution is easy. You just copy a generation's files onto a new drive in -Europe or wherever you're getting an uptick in traffic from and you're good to -go. - -* Management is easy. It's trivial to find out how many times a file has been -replicated, or how many countries it's in, or what hardware it's being served -from (given you have easy access to information about specific drives). - -### Caveats - -The big caveat here is that this is just an idea. It has NOT been tested in -production. But we have enough faith in it that we're going to give it a shot at -[cryptic.io][cryptic]. I'll keep this page updated. - -The second caveat is that this scheme does not inherently support caching. If a -file suddenly becomes super popular the world over your hard-disks might not be -able to keep up, and it's probably not feasible to have an FIO drive in *every* -generation. I think that [groupcache][1] may be the answer to this problem, -assuming your files are reasonably small, but again I haven't tested it yet. - -[cryptic]: https://cryptic.io -[0]: https://github.com/cryptic-io/marlin -[1]: https://github.com/golang/groupcache diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2013-10-25-namecoind-ssl.md b/static/src/_posts/2013-10-25-namecoind-ssl.md deleted file mode 100644 index deded79..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2013-10-25-namecoind-ssl.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,249 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Namecoin, A Replacement For SSL -description: >- - If we use the namecoin chain as a DNS service we get security almost for - free, along with lots of other benefits. -tags: tech crypto ---- - -At [cryptic.io][cryptic] we are creating a client-side, in-browser encryption -system where a user can upload their already encrypted content to our storage -system and be 100% confident that their data can never be decrypted by anyone -but them. - -One of the main problems with this approach is that the client has to be sure -that the code that's being run in their browser is the correct code; that is, -that they aren't the subject of a man-in-the-middle attack where an attacker is -turning our strong encryption into weak encryption that they could later break. - -A component of our current solution is to deliver the site's javascript (and all -other assets, for that matter) using SSL encryption. This protects the files -from tampering in-between leaving our servers and being received by the client. -Unfortunately, SSL isn't 100% foolproof. This post aims to show why SSL is -faulty, and propose a solution. - -## SSL - -SSL is the mechanism by which web-browsers establish an encrypted connection to -web-servers. The goal of this connection is that only the destination -web-browser and the server know what data is passing between them. Anyone spying -on the connection would only see gibberish. To do this a secret key is first -established between the client and the server, and used to encrypt/decrypt all -data. As long as no-one but those parties knows that key, that data will never -be decrypted by anyone else. - -SSL is what's used to establish that secret key on a per-session basis, so that -a key isn't ever re-used and so only the client and the server know it. - -### Public-Private Key Cryptography - -SSL is based around public-private key cryptography. In a public-private key -system, you have both a public key which is generated from a private key. The -public key can be given to anyone, but the private key must remain hidden. There -are two main uses for these two keys: - -* Someone can encrypt a message with your public key, and only you (with the - private key) can decrypt it. - -* You can sign a message with your private key, and anyone with your public key - can verify that it was you and not someone else who signed it. - -These are both extremely useful functions, not just for internet traffic but for -any kind of communication form. Unfortunately, there remains a fundamental flaw. -At some point you must give your public key to the other person in an insecure -way. If an attacker was to intercept your message containing your public key and -swap it for their own, then all future communications could be compromised. That -attacker could create messages the other person would think are from you, and -the other person would encrypt messages meant for you but which would be -decrypt-able by the attacker. - -### How does SSL work? - -SSL is at its heart a public-private key system, but its aim is to be more -secure against the attack described above. - -SSL uses a trust-chain to verify that a public key is the intended one. Your web -browser has a built-in set of public keys, called the root certificates, that it -implicitly trusts. These root certificates are managed by a small number of -companies designated by some agency who decides on these things. - -When you receive a server's SSL certificate (its public key) that certificate -will be signed by a root certificate. You can verify that signature since you -have the root certificate's public key built into your browser. If the signature -checks out then you know a certificate authority trusts the public key the site -gave you, which means you can trust it too. - -There's a bit (a lot!) more to SSL than this, but this is enough to understand -the fundamental problems with it. - -### How SSL doesn't work - -SSL has a few glaring problems. One, it implies we trust the companies holding -the root certificates to not be compromised. If some malicious agency was to get -ahold of a root certificate they could listen in on any connection on the -internet by swapping a site's real certificate with one they generate on the -fly. They could trivially steal any data we send on the internet. - -The second problem is that it's expensive. Really expensive. If you're running a -business you'll have to shell out about $200 a year to keep your SSL certificate -signed (those signatures have an expiration date attached). Since there's very -few root authorities there's an effective monopoly on signatures, and there's -nothing we can do about it. For 200 bucks I know most people simply say "no -thanks" and go unencrypted. The solution is creating a bigger problem. - -## Bitcoins - -Time to switch gears, and propose a solution to the above issues: namecoins. I'm -going to first talk about what namecoins are, how they work, and why we need -them. To start with, namecoins are based on bitcoins. - -If you haven't yet checked out bitcoins, [I highly encourage you to do -so][bitcoins]. They're awesome, and I think they have a chance of really -changing the way we think of and use money in the future. At the moment they're -still a bit of a novelty in the tech realm, but they're growing in popularity. - -The rest of this post assumes you know more or less what bitcoins are, and how -they work. - -## Namecoins - -Few people actually know about bitcoins. Even fewer know that there's other -crypto-currencies besides bitcoins. Basically, developers of these alternative -currencies (altcoins, in the parlance of our times) took the original bitcoin -source code and modified it to produce a new, separate blockchain from the -original bitcoin one. The altcoins are based on the same idea as bitcoins -(namely, a chain of blocks representing all the transactions ever made), but -have slightly different characterstics. - -One of these altcoins is called namecoin. Where other altcoins aim to be digital -currencies, and used as such (like bitcoins), namecoin has a different goal. The -point of namecoin is to create a global, distributed, secure key-value store. -You spend namecoins to claim arbitrary keys (once you've claimed it, you own it -for a set period of time) and to give those keys arbitrary values. Anyone else -with namecoind running can see these values. - -### Why use it? - -A blockchain based on a digital currency seems like a weird idea at first. I -know when I first read about it I was less than thrilled. How is this better -than a DHT? It's a key-value store, why is there a currency involved? - -#### DHT - -DHT stands for Distributed Hash-Table. I'm not going to go too into how they -work, but suffice it to say that they are essentially a distributed key-value -store. Like namecoin. The difference is in the operation. DHTs operate by -spreading and replicating keys and their values across nodes in a P2P mesh. They -have [lots of issues][dht] as far as security goes, the main one being that it's -fairly easy for an attacker to forge the value for a given key, and very -difficult to stop them from doing so or even to detect that it's happened. - -Namecoins don't have this problem. To forge a particular key an attacker would -essentially have to create a new blockchain from a certain point in the existing -chain, and then replicate all the work put into the existing chain into that new -compromised one so that the new one is longer and other clients in the network -will except it. This is extremely non-trivial. - -#### Why a currency? - -To answer why a currency needs to be involved, we need to first look at how -bitcoin/namecoin work. When you take an action (send someone money, set a value -to a key) that action gets broadcast to the network. Nodes on the network -collect these actions into a block, which is just a collection of multiple -actions. Their goal is to find a hash of this new block, combined with some data -from the top-most block in the existing chain, combined with some arbitrary -data, such that the first n characters in the resulting hash are zeros (with n -constantly increasing). When they find one they broadcast it out on the network. -Assuming the block is legitimate they receive some number of coins as -compensation. - -That compensation is what keeps a blockchain based currency going. If there -were no compensation there would be no reason to mine except out of goodwill, so -far fewer people would do it. Since the chain can be compromised if a malicious -group has more computing power than all legitimate miners combined, having few -legitimate miners is a serious problem. - -In the case of namecoins, there's even more reason to involve a currency. Since -you have to spend money to make changes to the chain there's a disincentive for -attackers (read: idiots) to spam the chain with frivolous changes to keys. - -#### Why a *new* currency? - -I'll admit, it's a bit annoying to see all these altcoins popping up. I'm sure -many of them have some solid ideas backing them, but it also makes things -confusing for newcomers and dilutes the "market" of cryptocoin users; the more -users a particular chain has, the stronger it is. If we have many chains, all we -have are a bunch of weak chains. - -The exception to this gripe, for me, is namecoin. When I was first thinking -about this problem my instinct was to just use the existing bitcoin blockchain -as a key-value storage. However, the maintainers of the bitcoin clients -(who are, in effect, the maintainers of the chain) don't want the bitcoin -blockchain polluted with non-commerce related data. At first I disagreed; it's a -P2P network, no-one gets to say what I can or can't use the chain for! And -that's true. But things work out better for everyone involved if there's two -chains. - -Bitcoin is a currency. Namecoin is a key-value store (with a currency as its -driving force). Those are two completely different use-cases, with two -completely difference usage characteristics. And we don't know yet what those -characteristics are, or if they'll change. If the chain-maintainers have to deal -with a mingled chain we could very well be tying their hands with regards to -what they can or can't change with regards to the behavior of the chain, since -improving performance for one use-case may hurt the performance of the other. -With two separate chains the maintainers of each are free to do what they see -fit to keep their respective chains operating as smoothly as possible. -Additionally, if for some reason bitcoins fall by the wayside, namecoin will -still have a shot at continuing operation since it isn't tied to the former. -Tldr: separation of concerns. - -## Namecoin as an alternative to SSL - -And now to tie it all together. - -There are already a number of proposed formats for standardizing how we store -data on the namecoin chain so that we can start building tools around it. I'm -not hugely concerned with the particulars of those standards, only that we can, -in some way, standardize on attaching a public key (or a fingerprint of one) to -some key on the namecoin blockchain. When you visit a website, the server -would then send both its public key and the namecoin chain key to be checked -against to the browser, and the browser would validate that the public key it -received is the same as the one on the namecoin chain. - -The main issue with this is that it requires another round-trip when visiting a -website: One for DNS, and one to check the namecoin chain. And where would this -chain even be hosted? - -My proposition is there would exist a number of publicly available servers -hosting a namecoind process that anyone in the world could send requests for -values on the chain. Browsers could then be made with a couple of these -hardwired in. ISPs could also run their own copies at various points in their -network to improve response-rates and decrease load on the globally public -servers. Furthermore, the paranoid could host their own and be absolutely sure -that the data they're receiving is valid. - -If the above scheme sounds a lot like what we currently use for DNS, that's -because it is. In fact, one of namecoin's major goals is that it be used as a -replacement for DNS, and most of the talk around it is focused on this subject. -DNS has many of the same problems as SSL, namely single-point-of-failure and -that it's run by a centralized agency that we have to pay arbitrarily high fees -to. By switching our DNS and SSL infrastructure to use namecoin we could kill -two horribly annoying, monopolized, expensive birds with a single stone. - -That's it. If we use the namecoin chain as a DNS service we get security almost -for free, along with lots of other benefits. To make this happen we need -cooperation from browser makers, and to standardize on a simple way of -retrieving DNS information from the chain that the browsers can use. The -protocol doesn't need to be very complex, I think HTTP/REST should suffice, -since the meat of the data will be embedded in the JSON value on the namecoin -chain. - -If you want to contribute or learn more please check out [namecoin][nmc] and -specifically the [d namespace proposal][dns] for it. - -[cryptic]: http://cryptic.io -[bitcoins]: http://vimeo.com/63502573 -[dht]: http://www.globule.org/publi/SDST_acmcs2009.pdf -[nsa]: https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2013/09/new_nsa_leak_sh.html -[nmc]: http://dot-bit.org/Main_Page -[dns]: http://dot-bit.org/Namespace:Domain_names_v2.0 diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2014-01-11-diamond-square.md b/static/src/_posts/2014-01-11-diamond-square.md deleted file mode 100644 index 528c953..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2014-01-11-diamond-square.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,495 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Diamond Square -description: >- - Tackling the problem of semi-realistic looking terrain generation in - clojure. -updated: 2018-09-06 -tags: tech art ---- - -![terrain][terrain] - -I recently started looking into the diamond-square algorithm (you can find a -great article on it [here][diamondsquare]). The following is a short-ish -walkthrough of how I tackled the problem in clojure and the results. You can -find the [leiningen][lein] repo [here][repo] and follow along within that, or -simply read the code below to get an idea. - -Also, Marco ported my code into clojurescript, so you can get random terrain -in your browser. [Check it out!][marco] - -```clojure -(ns diamond-square.core) - -; == The Goal == -; Create a fractal terrain generator using clojure - -; == The Algorithm == -; Diamond-Square. We start with a grid of points, each with a height of 0. -; -; 1. Take each corner point of the square, average the heights, and assign that -; to be the height of the midpoint of the square. Apply some random error to -; the midpoint. -; -; 2. Creating a line from the midpoint to each corner we get four half-diamonds. -; Average the heights of the points (with some random error) and assign the -; heights to the midpoints of the diamonds. -; -; 3. We now have four square sections, start at 1 for each of them (with -; decreasing amount of error for each iteration). -; -; This picture explains it better than I can: -; https://blog.mediocregopher.com/img/diamond-square/dsalg.png -; (http://nbickford.wordpress.com/2012/12/21/creating-fake-landscapes/dsalg/) -; -; == The Strategy == -; We begin with a vector of vectors of numbers, and iterate over it, filling in -; spots as they become available. Our grid will have the top-left being (0,0), -; y being pointing down and x going to the right. The outermost vector -; indicating row number (y) and the inner vectors indicate the column number (x) -; -; = Utility = -; First we create some utility functions for dealing with vectors of vectors. - -(defn print-m - "Prints a grid in a nice way" - [m] - (doseq [n m] - (println n))) - -(defn get-m - "Gets a value at the given x,y coordinate of the grid, with [0,0] being in the - top left" - [m x y] - ((m y) x)) - -(defn set-m - "Sets a value at the given x,y coordinat of the grid, with [0,0] being in the - top left" - [m x y v] - (assoc m y - (assoc (m y) x v))) - -(defn add-m - "Like set-m, but adds the given value to the current on instead of overwriting - it" - [m x y v] - (set-m m x y - (+ (get-m m x y) v))) - -(defn avg - "Returns the truncated average of all the given arguments" - [& l] - (int (/ (reduce + l) (count l)))) - -; = Grid size = -; Since we're starting with a blank grid we need to find out what sizes the -; grids can be. For convenience the size (height and width) should be odd, so we -; easily get a midpoint. And on each iteration we'll be halfing the grid, so -; whenever we do that the two resultrant grids should be odd and halfable as -; well, and so on. -; -; The algorithm that fits this is size = 2^n + 1, where 1 <= n. For the rest of -; this guide I'll be referring to n as the "degree" of the grid. - - -(def exp2-pre-compute - (vec (map #(int (Math/pow 2 %)) (range 31)))) - -(defn exp2 - "Returns 2^n as an integer. Uses pre-computed values since we end up doing - this so much" - [n] - (exp2-pre-compute n)) - -(def grid-sizes - (vec (map #(inc (exp2 %)) (range 1 31)))) - -(defn grid-size [degree] - (inc (exp2 degree))) - -; Available grid heights/widths are as follows: -;[3 5 9 17 33 65 129 257 513 1025 2049 4097 8193 16385 32769 65537 131073 -;262145 524289 1048577 2097153 4194305 8388609 16777217 33554433 67108865 -;134217729 268435457 536870913 1073741825]) - -(defn blank-grid - "Generates a grid of the given degree, filled in with zeros" - [degree] - (let [gsize (grid-size degree)] - (vec (repeat gsize - (vec (repeat gsize 0)))))) - -(comment - (print-m (blank-grid 3)) -) - -; = Coordinate Pattern (The Tricky Part) = -; We now have to figure out which coordinates need to be filled in on each pass. -; A pass is defined as a square step followed by a diamond step. The next pass -; will be the square/dimaond steps on all the smaller squares generated in the -; pass. It works out that the number of passes required to fill in the grid is -; the same as the degree of the grid, where the first pass is 1. -; -; So we can easily find patterns in the coordinates for a given degree/pass, -; I've laid out below all the coordinates for each pass for a 3rd degree grid -; (which is 9x9). - -; Degree 3 Pass 1 Square -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . 1 . . . .] (4,4) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] - -; Degree 3 Pass 1 Diamond -; [. . . . 2 . . . .] (4,0) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [2 . . . . . . . 2] (0,4) (8,4) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . 2 . . . .] (4,8) - -; Degree 3 Pass 2 Square -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . 3 . . . 3 . .] (2,2) (6,2) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . 3 . . . 3 . .] (2,6) (6,6) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . . . . . . . .] - -; Degree 3 Pass 2 Diamond -; [. . 4 . . . 4 . .] (2,0) (6,0) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [4 . . . 4 . . . 4] (0,2) (4,2) (8,2) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . 4 . . . 4 . .] (2,4) (6,4) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [4 . . . 4 . . . 4] (0,6) (4,6) (8,6) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. . 4 . . . 4 . .] (2,8) (6,8) - -; Degree 3 Pass 3 Square -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .] (1,1) (3,1) (5,1) (7,1) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .] (1,3) (3,3) (5,3) (7,3) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .] (1,5) (3,5) (5,5) (7,5) -; [. . . . . . . . .] -; [. 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .] (1,7) (3,7) (5,7) (7,7) -; [. . . . . . . . .] - -; Degree 3 Pass 3 Square -; [. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .] (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) -; [6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6] (0,1) (2,1) (4,1) (6,1) (8,1) -; [. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .] (1,2) (3,2) (5,2) (7,2) -; [6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6] (0,3) (2,3) (4,3) (6,3) (8,3) -; [. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .] (1,4) (3,4) (5,4) (7,4) -; [6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6] (0,5) (2,5) (4,5) (6,5) (8,5) -; [. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .] (1,6) (3,6) (5,6) (7,6) -; [6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6] (0,7) (2,7) (4,7) (6,7) (8,7) -; [. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .] (1,8) (3,8) (5,8) (7,8) -; -; I make two different functions, one to give the coordinates for the square -; portion of each pass and one for the diamond portion of each pass. To find the -; actual patterns it was useful to first look only at the pattern in the -; y-coordinates, and figure out how that translated into the pattern for the -; x-coordinates. - -(defn grid-square-coords - "Given a grid degree and pass number, returns all the coordinates which need - to be computed for the square step of that pass" - [degree pass] - (let [gsize (grid-size degree) - start (exp2 (- degree pass)) - interval (* 2 start) - coords (map #(+ start (* interval %)) - (range (exp2 (dec pass))))] - (mapcat (fn [y] - (map #(vector % y) coords)) - coords))) -; -; (grid-square-coords 3 2) -; => ([2 2] [6 2] [2 6] [6 6]) - -(defn grid-diamond-coords - "Given a grid degree and a pass number, returns all the coordinates which need - to be computed for the diamond step of that pass" - [degree pass] - (let [gsize (grid-size degree) - interval (exp2 (- degree pass)) - num-coords (grid-size pass) - coords (map #(* interval %) (range 0 num-coords))] - (mapcat (fn [y] - (if (even? (/ y interval)) - (map #(vector % y) (take-nth 2 (drop 1 coords))) - (map #(vector % y) (take-nth 2 coords)))) - coords))) - -; (grid-diamond-coords 3 2) -; => ([2 0] [6 0] [0 2] [4 2] [8 2] [2 4] [6 4] [0 6] [4 6] [8 6] [2 8] [6 8]) - -; = Height Generation = -; We now work on functions which, given a coordinate, will return what value -; coordinate will have. - -(defn avg-points - "Given a grid and an arbitrary number of points (of the form [x y]) returns - the average of all the given points that are on the map. Any points which are - off the map are ignored" - [m & coords] - (let [grid-size (count m)] - (apply avg - (map #(apply get-m m %) - (filter - (fn [[x y]] - (and (< -1 x) (> grid-size x) - (< -1 y) (> grid-size y))) - coords))))) - -(defn error - "Returns a number between -e and e, inclusive" - [e] - (- (rand-int (inc (* 2 e))) e)) - -; The next function is a little weird. It primarily takes in a point, then -; figures out the distance from that point to the points we'll take the average -; of. The locf (locator function) is used to return back the actual points to -; use. For the square portion it'll be the points diagonal from the given one, -; for the diamond portion it'll be the points to the top/bottom/left/right from -; the given one. -; -; Once it has those points, it finds the average and applies the error. The -; error function is nothing more than a number between -interval and +interval, -; where interval is the distance between the given point and one of the averaged -; points. It is important that the error decreases the more passes you do, which -; is why the interval is used. -; -; The error function is what should be messed with primarily if you want to -; change what kind of terrain you generate (a giant mountain instead of -; hills/valleys, for example). The one we use is uniform for all intervals, so -; it generates a uniform terrain. - -(defn- grid-fill-point - [locf m degree pass x y] - (let [interval (exp2 (- degree pass)) - leftx (- x interval) - rightx (+ x interval) - upy (- y interval) - downy (+ y interval) - v (apply avg-points m - (locf x y leftx rightx upy downy))] - (add-m m x y (+ v (error interval))))) - -(def grid-fill-point-square - "Given a grid, the grid's degree, the current pass number, and a point on the - grid, fills in that point with the average (plus some error) of the - appropriate corner points, and returns the resultant grid" - (partial grid-fill-point - (fn [_ _ leftx rightx upy downy] - [[leftx upy] - [rightx upy] - [leftx downy] - [rightx downy]]))) - -(def grid-fill-point-diamond - "Given a grid, the grid's degree, the current pass number, and a point on the - grid, fills in that point with the average (plus some error) of the - appropriate edge points, and returns the resultant grid" - (partial grid-fill-point - (fn [x y leftx rightx upy downy] - [[leftx y] - [rightx y] - [x upy] - [x downy]]))) - -; = Filling in the Grid = -; We finally compose the functions we've been creating to fill in the entire -; grid - -(defn- grid-fill-point-passes - "Given a grid, a function to fill in coordinates, and a function to generate - those coordinates, fills in all coordinates for a given pass, returning the - resultant grid" - [m fill-f coord-f degree pass] - (reduce - (fn [macc [x y]] (fill-f macc degree pass x y)) - m - (coord-f degree pass))) - -(defn grid-pass - "Given a grid and a pass number, does the square then the diamond portion of - the pass" - [m degree pass] - (-> m - (grid-fill-point-passes - grid-fill-point-square grid-square-coords degree pass) - (grid-fill-point-passes - grid-fill-point-diamond grid-diamond-coords degree pass))) - -; The most important function in this guide, does all the work -(defn terrain - "Given a grid degree, generates a uniformly random terrain on a grid of that - degree" - ([degree] - (terrain (blank-grid degree) degree)) - ([m degree] - (reduce - #(grid-pass %1 degree %2) - m - (range 1 (inc degree))))) - -(comment - (print-m - (terrain 5)) -) - -; == The Results == -; We now have a generated terrain, probably. We should check it. First we'll -; create an ASCII representation. But to do that we'll need some utility -; functions. - -(defn max-terrain-height - "Returns the maximum height found in the given terrain grid" - [m] - (reduce max - (map #(reduce max %) m))) - -(defn min-terrain-height - "Returns the minimum height found in the given terrain grid" - [m] - (reduce min - (map #(reduce min %) m))) - -(defn norm - "Given x in the range (A,B), normalizes it into the range (0,new-height)" - [A B new-height x] - (int (/ (* (- x A) new-height) (- B A)))) - -(defn normalize-terrain - "Given a terrain map and a number of \"steps\", normalizes the terrain so all - heights in it are in the range (0,steps)" - [m steps] - (let [max-height (max-terrain-height m) - min-height (min-terrain-height m) - norm-f (partial norm min-height max-height steps)] - (vec (map #(vec (map norm-f %)) m)))) - -; We now define which ASCII characters we want to use for which heights. The -; vector starts with the character for the lowest height and ends with the -; character for the heighest height. - -(def tiles - [\~ \~ \" \" \x \x \X \$ \% \# \@]) - -(defn tile-terrain - "Given a terrain map, converts it into an ASCII tile map" - [m] - (vec (map #(vec (map tiles %)) - (normalize-terrain m (dec (count tiles)))))) - -(comment - (print-m - (tile-terrain - (terrain 5))) - -; [~ ~ " " x x x X % $ $ $ X X X X X X $ x x x X X X x x x x " " " ~] -; [" ~ " " x x X X $ $ $ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x x x " " " "] -; [" " " x x x X X % $ % $ % $ $ X X X X $ $ $ X X X X x x x x " " "] -; [" " " x x X $ % % % % % $ % $ $ X X $ $ $ $ X X x x x x x x " " x] -; [" x x x x X $ $ # % % % % % % $ X $ X X % $ % X X x x x x x x x x] -; [x x x X $ $ $ % % % % % $ % $ $ $ % % $ $ $ $ X X x x x x x x x x] -; [X X X $ % $ % % # % % $ $ % % % % $ % $ $ X $ X $ X X x x x X x x] -; [$ $ X $ $ % $ % % % % $ $ $ % # % % % X X X $ $ $ X X X x x x x x] -; [% X X % % $ % % % $ % $ % % % # @ % $ $ X $ X X $ X x X X x x x x] -; [$ $ % % $ $ % % $ $ X $ $ % % % % $ $ X $ $ X X X X X X x x x x x] -; [% % % X $ $ % $ $ X X $ $ $ $ % % $ $ X X X $ X X X x x X x x X X] -; [$ $ $ X $ $ X $ X X X $ $ $ $ % $ $ $ $ $ X $ X x X X X X X x X X] -; [$ $ $ $ X X $ X X X X X $ % % % % % $ X $ $ $ X x X X X $ X X $ $] -; [X $ $ $ $ $ X X X X X X X % $ % $ $ $ X X X X X x x X X x X X $ $] -; [$ $ X X $ X X x X $ $ X X $ % X X X X X X X X X x X X x x X X X X] -; [$ $ X X X X X X X $ $ $ $ $ X $ X X X X X X X x x x x x x x X X X] -; [% % % $ $ X $ X % X X X % $ $ X X X X X X x x x x x x x x x X X $] -; [$ % % $ $ $ X X $ $ $ $ $ $ X X X X x X x x x x " x x x " x x x x] -; [$ X % $ $ $ $ $ X X X X X $ $ X X X X X X x x " " " " " " " " x x] -; [$ X $ $ % % $ X X X $ X X X x x X X x x x x x " " " " " ~ " " " "] -; [$ $ X X % $ % X X X X X X X X x x X X X x x x " " " " " " ~ " " "] -; [$ $ X $ % $ $ X X X X X X x x x x x x x x x " " " " " " " " " ~ ~] -; [$ $ $ $ $ X X $ X X X X X x x x x x x x x " " " " " " " ~ " " " ~] -; [$ % X X $ $ $ $ X X X X x x x x x x x x x x " " " " ~ " " ~ " " ~] -; [% $ $ X $ X $ X $ X $ X x x x x x x x x x x " " " " ~ ~ ~ " ~ " ~] -; [$ X X X X $ $ $ $ $ X x x x x x x x x x x " " " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [X x X X x X X X X X X X X x x x x x x x x x " " " ~ ~ " " ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [x x x x x x X x X X x X X X x x x x x x x " x " " " " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [x x x x x x x x X X X X $ X X x X x x x x x x x x " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [" x x x x x X x X X X X X X X X X x x x x x x " " " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [" " " x x x X X X X $ $ $ X X X X X X x x x x x x x x " " ~ ~ ~ ~] -; [" " " " x x x X X X X X $ $ X X x X X x x x x x x x " " " " " ~ ~] -; [~ " " x x x x X $ X $ X $ $ X x X x x x x x x x x x x x x " " " ~] -) - -; = Pictures! = -; ASCII is cool, but pictures are better. First we import some java libraries -; that we'll need, then define the colors for each level just like we did tiles -; for the ascii representation. - -(import - 'java.awt.image.BufferedImage - 'javax.imageio.ImageIO - 'java.io.File) - -(def colors - [0x1437AD 0x04859D 0x007D1C 0x007D1C 0x24913C - 0x00C12B 0x38E05D 0xA3A3A4 0x757575 0xFFFFFF]) - -; Finally we reduce over a BufferedImage instance to output every tile as a -; single pixel on it. - -(defn img-terrain - "Given a terrain map and a file name, outputs a png representation of the - terrain map to that file" - [m file] - (let [img (BufferedImage. (count m) (count m) BufferedImage/TYPE_INT_RGB)] - (reduce - (fn [rown row] - (reduce - (fn [coln tile] - (.setRGB img coln rown (colors tile)) - (inc coln)) - 0 row) - (inc rown)) - 0 (normalize-terrain m (dec (count colors)))) - (ImageIO/write img "png" (File. file)))) - -(comment - (img-terrain - (terrain 10) - "resources/terrain.png") - - ; https://blog.mediocregopher.com/img/diamond-square/terrain.png -) - -; == Conclusion == -; There's still a lot of work to be done. The algorithm starts taking a -; non-trivial amount of time around the 10th degree, which is only a 1025x1025px -; image. I need to profile the code and find out where the bottlenecks are. It's -; possible re-organizing the code to use pmaps instead of reduces in some places -; could help. -``` - -[marco]: http://marcopolo.io/diamond-square/ -[terrain]: /img/diamond-square/terrain.png -[diamondsquare]: http://www.gameprogrammer.com/fractal.html -[lein]: https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen -[repo]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/diamond-square diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2014-10-29-erlang-pitfalls.md b/static/src/_posts/2014-10-29-erlang-pitfalls.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7358430..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2014-10-29-erlang-pitfalls.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,193 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Erlang Pitfalls -description: >- - Common pitfalls that people may run into when designing and writing - large-scale erlang applications. -tags: tech ---- - -I've been involved with a large-ish scale erlang project at Grooveshark since -sometime around 2011. I started this project knowing absolutely nothing about -erlang, but now I feel I have accumulated enough knowlege over time that I could -conceivably give some back. Specifically, common pitfalls that people may run -into when designing and writing a large-scale erlang application. Some of these -may show up when searching for them, but some of them you may not even know you -need to search for. - -## now() vs timestamp() - -The cononical way of getting the current timestamp in erlang is to use -`erlang:now()`. This works great at small loads, but if you find your -application slowing down greatly at highly parallel loads and you're calling -`erlang:now()` a lot, it may be the culprit. - -A property of this method you may not realize is that it is monotonically -increasing, meaning even if two processes call it at the *exact* same time they -will both receive different output. This is done through some locking on the -low-level, as well as a bit of math to balance out the time getting out of sync -in the scenario. - -There are situations where fetching always unique timestamps is useful, such as -seeding RNGs and generating unique identifiers for things, but usually when -people fetch a timestamp they just want a timestamp. For these cases, -`os:timestamp()` can be used. It is not blocked by any locks, it simply returns -the time. - -## The rpc module is slow - -The built-in `rpc` module is slower than you'd think. This mostly stems from it -doing a lot of extra work for every `call` and `cast` that you do, ensuring that -certain conditions are accounted for. If, however, it's sufficient for the -calling side to know that a call timed-out on them and not worry about it any -further you may benefit from simply writing your own rpc module. Alternatively, -use [one which already exists](https://github.com/cloudant/rexi). - -## Don't send anonymous functions between nodes - -One of erlang's niceties is transparent message sending between two phsyical -erlang nodes. Once nodes are connected, a process on one can send any message to -a process on the other exactly as if they existed on the same node. This is fine -for many data-types, but for anonymous functions it should be avoided. - -For example: - -```erlang -RemotePid ! {fn, fun(I) -> I + 1 end}. -``` - -Would be better written as - -```erlang -incr(I) -> - I + 1. - -RemotePid ! {fn, ?MODULE, incr}. -``` - -and then using an `apply` on the RemotePid to actually execute the function. - -This is because hot-swapping code messes with anonymous functions quite a bit. -Erlang isn't actually sending a function definition across the wire; it's simply -sending a reference to a function. If you've changed the code within the -anonymous function on a node, that reference changes. The sending node is -sending a reference to a function which may not exist anymore on the receiving -node, and you'll get a weird error which Google doesn't return many results for. - -Alternatively, if you simply send atoms across the wire and use `apply` on the -other side, only atoms are sent and the two nodes involved can have totally -different ideas of what the function itself does without any problems. - -## Hot-swapping code is a convenience, not a crutch - -Hot swapping code is the bees-knees. It lets you not have to worry about -rolling-restarts for trivial code changes, and so adds stability to your -cluster. My warning is that you should not rely on it. If your cluster can't -survive a node being restarted for a code change, then it can't survive if that -node fails completely, or fails and comes back up. Design your system pretending -that hot-swapping does not exist, and only once you've done that allow yourself -to use it. - -## GC sometimes needs a boost - -Erlang garbage collection (GC) acts on a per-erlang-process basis, meaning that -each process decides on its own to garbage collect itself. This is nice because -it means stop-the-world isn't a problem, but it does have some interesting -effects. - -We had a problem with our node memory graphs looking like an upwards facing -line, instead of a nice sinusoid relative to the number of connections during -the day. We couldn't find a memory leak *anywhere*, and so started profiling. We -found that the memory seemed to be comprised of mostly binary data in process -heaps. On a hunch my coworker Mike Cugini (who gets all the credit for this) ran -the following on a node: - -```erlang -lists:foreach(erlang:garbage_collect/1, erlang:processes()). -``` - -and saw memory drop in a huge way. We made that code run every 10 minutes or so -and suddenly our memory problem went away. - -The problem is that we had a lot of processes which individually didn't have -much heap data, but all-together were crushing the box. Each didn't think it had -enough to garbage collect very often, so memory just kept going up. Calling the -above forces all processes to garbage collect, and thus throw away all those -little binary bits they were hoarding. - -## These aren't the solutions you are looking for - -The `erl` process has tons of command-line options which allow you to tweak all -kinds of knobs. We've had tons of performance problems with our application, as -of yet not a single one has been solved with turning one of these knobs. They've -all been design issues or just run-of-the-mill bugs. I'm not saying the knobs -are *never* useful, but I haven't seen it yet. - -## Erlang processes are great, except when they're not - -The erlang model of allowing processes to manage global state works really well -in many cases. Possibly even most cases. There are, however, times when it -becomes a performance problem. This became apparent in the project I was working -on for Grooveshark, which was, at its heart, a pubsub server. - -The architecture was very simple: each channel was managed by a process, client -connection processes subscribed to that channel and received publishes from it. -Easy right? The problem was that extremely high volume channels were simply not -able to keep up with the load. The channel process could do certain things very -fast, but there were some operations which simply took time and slowed -everything down. For example, channels could have arbitrary properties set on -them by their owners. Retrieving an arbitrary property from a channel was a -fairly fast operation: client `call`s the channel process, channel process -immediately responds with the property value. No blocking involved. - -But as soon as there was any kind of call which required the channel process to -talk to yet *another* process (unfortunately necessary), things got hairy. On -high volume channels publishes/gets/set operations would get massively backed up -in the message queue while the process was blocked on another process. We tried -many things, but ultimately gave up on the process-per-channel approach. - -We instead decided on keeping *all* channel state in a transactional database. -When client processes "called" operations on a channel, they really are just -acting on the database data inline, no message passing involved. This means that -read-only operations are super-fast because there is minimal blocking, and if -some random other process is being slow it only affects the one client making -the call which is causing it to be slow, and not holding up a whole host of -other clients. - -## Mnesia might not be what you want - -This one is probably a bit controversial, and definitely subject to use-cases. -Do your own testing and profiling, find out what's right for you. - -Mnesia is erlang's solution for global state. It's an in-memory transactional -database which can scale to N nodes and persist to disk. It is hosted -directly in the erlang processes memory so you interact with it in erlang -directly in your code; no calling out to database drivers and such. Sounds great -right? - -Unfortunately mnesia is not a very full-featured database. It is essentially a -key-value store which can hold arbitrary erlang data-types, albeit in a set -schema which you lay out for it during startup. This means that more complex -types like sorted sets and hash maps (although this was addressed with the -introduction of the map data-type in R17) are difficult to work with within -mnesia. Additionally, erlang's data model of immutability, while awesome -usually, can bite you here because it's difficult (impossible?) to pull out -chunks of data within a record without accessing the whole record. - -For example, when retrieving the list of processes subscribed to a channel our -application doesn't simply pull the full list and iterate over it. This is too -slow, and in some cases the subscriber list was so large it wasn't actually -feasible. The channel process wasn't cleaning up its heap fast enough, so -multiple publishes would end up with multiple copies of the giant list in -memory. This became a problem. Instead we chain spawned processes, each of which -pull a set chunk of the subsciber list, and iterate over that. This is very -difficult to implement in mnesia without pulling the full subscriber list into -the process' memory at some point in the process. - -It is, however, fairly trivial to implement in redis using sorted sets. For this -case, and many other cases after, the motto for performance improvements became -"stick it in redis". The application is at the point where *all* state which -isn't directly tied to a specific connection is kept in redis, encoded using -`term_to_binary`. The performance hit of going to an outside process for data -was actually much less than we'd originally thought, and ended up being a plus -since we had much more freedom to do interesting hacks to speedup up our -accesses. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2015-03-11-rabbit-hole.md b/static/src/_posts/2015-03-11-rabbit-hole.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0bea0b5..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2015-03-11-rabbit-hole.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,166 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Rabbit Hole -description: >- - Complex systems sometimes require complex debugging. -tags: tech ---- - -We've begun rolling out [SkyDNS][skydns] at my job, which has been pretty neat. -We're basing a couple future projects around being able to use it, and it's made -dynamic configuration and service discovery nice and easy. - -This post chronicles catching a bug because of our switch to SkyDNS, and how we -discover its root cause. I like to call these kinds of bugs "rabbit holes"; they -look shallow at first, but anytime you make a little progress forward a little -more is always required, until you discover the ending somewhere totally -unrelated to the start. - -## The Bug - -We are seeing *tons* of these in the SkyDNS log: - -``` -[skydns] Feb 20 17:21:15.168 INFO | no nameservers defined or name too short, can not forward -``` - -I fire up tcpdump to see if I can see anything interesting, and sure enough run -across a bunch of these: - -``` -# tcpdump -vvv -s 0 -l -n port 53 -tcpdump: listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes - ... - $fen_ip.50257 > $skydns_ip.domain: [udp sum ok] 16218+ A? unknown. (25) - $fen_ip.27372 > $skydns_ip.domain: [udp sum ok] 16218+ A? unknown. (25) - $fen_ip.35634 > $skydns_ip.domain: [udp sum ok] 59227+ A? unknown. (25) - $fen_ip.64363 > $skydns_ip.domain: [udp sum ok] 59227+ A? unknown. (25) -``` - -It appears that some of our front end nodes (FENs) are making tons of DNS -fequests trying to find the A record of `unknown`. Something on our FENs is -doing something insane and is breaking. - -## The FENs - -Hopping over to my favorite FEN we're able to see the packets in question -leaving on a tcpdump as well, but that's not helpful for finding the root cause. -We have lots of processes running on the FENs and any number of them could be -doing something crazy. - -We fire up sysdig, which is similar to systemtap and strace in that it allows -you to hook into the kernel and view various kernel activites in real time, but -it's easier to use than both. The following command dumps all UDP packets being -sent and what process is sending them: - -``` -# sysdig fd.l4proto=udp -... -2528950 22:17:35.260606188 0 php-fpm (21477) < connect res=0 tuple=$fen_ip:61173->$skydns_ip:53 -2528961 22:17:35.260611327 0 php-fpm (21477) > sendto fd=102(<4u>$fen_ip:61173->$skydns_ip:53) size=25 tuple=NULL -2528991 22:17:35.260631917 0 php-fpm (21477) < sendto res=25 data=.r...........unknown..... -2530470 22:17:35.261879032 0 php-fpm (21477) > ioctl fd=102(<4u>$fen_ip:61173->$skydns_ip:53) request=541B argument=7FFF82DC8728 -2530472 22:17:35.261880574 0 php-fpm (21477) < ioctl res=0 -2530474 22:17:35.261881226 0 php-fpm (21477) > recvfrom fd=102(<4u>$fen_ip:61173->$skydns_ip:53) size=1024 -2530476 22:17:35.261883424 0 php-fpm (21477) < recvfrom res=25 data=.r...........unknown..... tuple=$skydns_ip:53->$fen_ip:61173 -2530485 22:17:35.261888997 0 php-fpm (21477) > close fd=102(<4u>$fen_ip:61173->$skydns_ip:53) -2530488 22:17:35.261892626 0 php-fpm (21477) < close res=0 -``` - -Aha! We can see php-fpm is requesting something over udp with the string -`unknown` in it. We've now narrowed down the guilty process, the rest should be -easy right? - -## Which PHP? - -Unfortunately we're a PHP shop; knowing that php-fpm is doing something on a FEN -narrows down the guilty codebase little. Taking the FEN out of our load-balancer -stops the requests for `unknown`, so we *can* say that it's some user-facing -code that is the culprit. Our setup on the FENs involves users hitting nginx -for static content and nginx proxying PHP requests back to php-fpm. Since all -our virtual domains are defined in nginx, we are able to do something horrible. - -On the particular FEN we're on we make a guess about which virtual domain the -problem is likely coming from (our main app), and proxy all traffic from all -other domains to a different FEN. We still see requests for `unknown` leaving -the box, so we've narrowed the problem down a little more. - -## The Despair - -Nothing in our code is doing any direct DNS calls as far as we can find, and we -don't see any places PHP might be doing it for us. We have lots of PHP -extensions in place, all written in C and all black boxes; any of them could be -the culprit. Grepping through the likely candidates' source code for the string -`unknown` proves fruitless. - -We try xdebug at this point. xdebug is a profiler for php which will create -cachegrind files for the running code. With cachegrind you can see every -function which was ever called, how long spent within each function, a full -call-graph, and lots more. Unfortunately xdebug outputs cachegrind files on a -per-php-fpm-process basis, and overwrites the previous file on each new request. -So xdebug is pretty much useless, since what is in the cachegrind file isn't -necessarily what spawned the DNS request. - -## Gotcha (sorta) - -We turn back to the tried and true method of dumping all the traffic using -tcpdump and perusing through that manually. - -What we find is that nearly everytime there is a DNS request for `unknown`, if -we scroll up a bit there is (usually) a particular request to memcache. The -requested key is always in the style of `function-name:someid:otherstuff`. When -looking in the code around that function name we find this ominous looking call: - -```php -$ipAddress = getIPAddress(); -$geoipInfo = getCountryInfoFromIP($ipAddress); -``` - -This points us in the right direction. On a hunch we add some debug -logging to print out the `$ipAddress` variable, and sure enough it comes back as -`unknown`. AHA! - -So what we surmise is happening is that for some reason our geoip extension, -which we use to get the location data of an IP address and which -`getCountryInfoFromIP` calls, is seeing something which is *not* an IP address -and trying to resolve it. - -## Gotcha (for real) - -So the question becomes: why are we getting the string `unknown` as an IP -address? - -Adding some debug logging around the area we find before showed that -`$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']`, which is the variable populated with the IP address -of the client, is sometimes `unknown`. We guess that this has something to do -with some magic we are doing on nginx's side to populate `REMOTE_ADDR` with the -real IP address of the client in the case of them going through a proxy. - -Many proxies send along the header `X-Forwarded-For` to indicate the real IP of -the client they're proxying for, otherwise the server would only see the proxy's -IP. In our setup I decided that in those cases we should set the `REMOTE_ADDR` -to the real client IP so our application logic doesn't even have to worry about -it. There are a couple problems with this which render it a bad decision, one -being that if some misbahaving proxy was to, say, start sending -`X-Forwarded-For: unknown` then some written applications might mistake that to -mean the client's IP is `unknown`. - -## The Fix - -The fix here was two-fold: - -1) We now always set `$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']` to be the remote address of the -requests, regardless of if it's a proxy, and also send the application the -`X-Forwarded-For` header to do with as it pleases. - -2) Inside our app we look at all the headers sent and do some processing to -decide what the actual client IP is. PHP can handle a lot more complex logic -than nginx can, so we can do things like check to make sure the IP is an IP, and -also that it's not some NAT'd internal ip, and so forth. - -And that's it. From some weird log messages on our DNS servers to an nginx -mis-configuration on an almost unrelated set of servers, this is one of those -strange bugs that never has a nice solution and goes unsolved for a long time. -Spending the time to dive down the rabbit hole and find the answer is often -tedious, but also often very rewarding. - -[skydns]: https://github.com/skynetservices/skydns diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md b/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7da7d6b..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2015-07-15-go-http.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,547 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Go's http package by example -description: >- - The basics of using, testing, and composing apps built using go's net/http - package. ---- - -Go's [http](http://golang.org/pkg/net/http/) package has turned into one of my -favorite things about the Go programming language. Initially it appears to be -somewhat complex, but in reality it can be broken down into a couple of simple -components that are extremely flexible in how they can be used. This guide will -cover the basic ideas behind the http package, as well as examples in using, -testing, and composing apps built with it. - -This guide assumes you have some basic knowledge of what an interface in Go is, -and some idea of how HTTP works and what it can do. - -## Handler - -The building block of the entire http package is the `http.Handler` interface, -which is defined as follows: - -```go -type Handler interface { - ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request) -} -``` - -Once implemented the `http.Handler` can be passed to `http.ListenAndServe`, -which will call the `ServeHTTP` method on every incoming request. - -`http.Request` contains all relevant information about an incoming http request -which is being served by your `http.Handler`. - -The `http.ResponseWriter` is the interface through which you can respond to the -request. It implements the `io.Writer` interface, so you can use methods like -`fmt.Fprintf` to write a formatted string as the response body, or ones like -`io.Copy` to write out the contents of a file (or any other `io.Reader`). The -response code can be set before you begin writing data using the `WriteHeader` -method. - -Here's an example of an extremely simple http server: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -type helloHandler struct{} - -func (h helloHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, you've hit %s\n", r.URL.Path) -} - -func main() { - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", helloHandler{}) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -`http.ListenAndServe` serves requests using the handler, listening on the given -address:port. It will block unless it encounters an error listening, in which -case we `log.Fatal`. - -Here's an example of using this handler with curl: - -``` - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/foo/bar - hello, you've hit /foo/bar -``` - - -## HandlerFunc - -Often defining a full type to implement the `http.Handler` interface is a bit -overkill, especially for extremely simple `ServeHTTP` functions like the one -above. The `http` package provides a helper function, `http.HandlerFunc`, which -wraps a function which has the signature -`func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)`, returning an `http.Handler` -which will call it in all cases. - -The following behaves exactly like the previous example, but uses -`http.HandlerFunc` instead of defining a new type. - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -func main() { - h := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, you've hit %s\n", r.URL.Path) - }) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -## ServeMux - -On their own, the previous examples don't seem all that useful. If we wanted to -have different behavior for different endpoints we would end up with having to -parse path strings as well as numerous `if` or `switch` statements. Luckily -we're provided with `http.ServeMux`, which does all of that for us. Here's an -example of it being used: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -func main() { - h := http.NewServeMux() - - h.HandleFunc("/foo", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintln(w, "Hello, you hit foo!") - }) - - h.HandleFunc("/bar", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintln(w, "Hello, you hit bar!") - }) - - h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.WriteHeader(404) - fmt.Fprintln(w, "You're lost, go home") - }) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -The `http.ServeMux` is itself an `http.Handler`, so it can be passed into -`http.ListenAndServe`. When it receives a request it will check if the request's -path is prefixed by any of its known paths, choosing the longest prefix match it -can find. We use the `/` endpoint as a catch-all to catch any requests to -unknown endpoints. Here's some examples of it being used: - -``` - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/foo -Hello, you hit foo! - - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/bar -Hello, you hit bar! - - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/baz -You're lost, go home -``` - -`http.ServeMux` has both `Handle` and `HandleFunc` methods. These do the same -thing, except that `Handle` takes in an `http.Handler` while `HandleFunc` merely -takes in a function, implicitly wrapping it just as `http.HandlerFunc` does. - -### Other muxes - -There are numerous replacements for `http.ServeMux` like -[gorilla/mux](http://www.gorillatoolkit.org/pkg/mux) which give you things like -automatically pulling variables out of paths, easily asserting what http methods -are allowed on an endpoint, and more. Most of these replacements will implement -`http.Handler` like `http.ServeMux` does, and accept `http.Handler`s as -arguments, and so are easy to use in conjunction with the rest of the things -I'm going to talk about in this post. - -## Composability - -When I say that the `http` package is composable I mean that it is very easy to -create re-usable pieces of code and glue them together into a new working -application. The `http.Handler` interface is the way all pieces communicate with -each other. Here's an example of where we use the same `http.Handler` to handle -multiple endpoints, each slightly differently: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -type numberDumper int - -func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) -} - -func main() { - h := http.NewServeMux() - - h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) - h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) - h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) - h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) - h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) - - h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.WriteHeader(404) - fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") - }) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", h) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -`numberDumper` implements `http.Handler`, and can be passed into the -`http.ServeMux` multiple times to serve multiple endpoints. Here's it in action: - -``` - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/one -Here's your number: 1 - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/five -Here's your number: 5 - ~ $ curl localhost:9999/bazillion -That's not a supported number! -``` - -## Testing - -Testing http endpoints is extremely easy in Go, and doesn't even require you to -actually listen on any ports! The `httptest` package provides a few handy -utilities, including `NewRecorder` which implements `http.ResponseWriter` and -allows you to effectively make an http request by calling `ServeHTTP` directly. -Here's an example of a test for our previously implemented `numberDumper`, -commented with what exactly is happening: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "net/http" - "net/http/httptest" - . "testing" -) - -func TestNumberDumper(t *T) { - // We first create the http.Handler we wish to test - n := numberDumper(1) - - // We create an http.Request object to test with. The http.Request is - // totally customizable in every way that a real-life http request is, so - // even the most intricate behavior can be tested - r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/one", nil) - - // httptest.Recorder implements the http.ResponseWriter interface, and as - // such can be passed into ServeHTTP to receive the response. It will act as - // if all data being given to it is being sent to a real client, when in - // reality it's being buffered for later observation - w := httptest.NewRecorder() - - // Pass in our httptest.Recorder and http.Request to our numberDumper. At - // this point the numberDumper will act just as if it was responding to a - // real request - n.ServeHTTP(w, r) - - // httptest.Recorder gives a number of fields and methods which can be used - // to observe the response made to our request. Here we check the response - // code - if w.Code != 200 { - t.Fatalf("wrong code returned: %d", w.Code) - } - - // We can also get the full body out of the httptest.Recorder, and check - // that its contents are what we expect - body := w.Body.String() - if body != fmt.Sprintf("Here's your number: 1\n") { - t.Fatalf("wrong body returned: %s", body) - } - -} -``` - -In this way it's easy to create tests for your individual components that you -are using to build your application, keeping the tests near to the functionality -they're testing. - -Note: if you ever do need to spin up a test server in your tests, `httptest` -also provides a way to create a server listening on a random open port for use -in tests as well. - -## Middleware - -Serving endpoints is nice, but often there's functionality you need to run for -*every* request before the actual endpoint's handler is run. For example, access -logging. A middleware component is one which implements `http.Handler`, but will -actually pass the request off to another `http.Handler` after doing some set of -actions. The `http.ServeMux` we looked at earlier is actually an example of -middleware, since it passes the request off to another `http.Handler` for actual -processing. Here's an example of our previous example with some logging -middleware: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -type numberDumper int - -func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) -} - -func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { - return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) - h.ServeHTTP(w, r) - }) -} - -func main() { - h := http.NewServeMux() - - h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) - h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) - h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) - h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) - h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) - - h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.WriteHeader(404) - fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") - }) - - hl := logger(h) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", hl) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -`logger` is a function which takes in an `http.Handler` called `h`, and returns -a new `http.Handler` which, when called, will log the request it was called with -and then pass off its arguments to `h`. To use it we pass in our -`http.ServeMux`, so all incoming requests will first be handled by the logging -middleware before being passed to the `http.ServeMux`. - -Here's an example log entry which is output when the `/five` endpoint is hit: - -``` -2015/06/30 20:15:41 [::1]:34688 requested /five -``` - -## Middleware chaining - -Being able to chain middleware together is an incredibly useful ability which we -get almost for free, as long as we use the signature -`func(http.Handler) http.Handler`. A middleware component returns the same type -which is passed into it, so simply passing the output of one middleware -component into the other is sufficient. - -However, more complex behavior with middleware can be tricky. For instance, what -if you want a piece of middleware which takes in a parameter upon creation? -Here's an example of just that, with a piece of middleware which will set a -header and its value for all requests: - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" -) - -type numberDumper int - -func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) -} - -func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { - return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) - h.ServeHTTP(w, r) - }) -} - -type headerSetter struct { - key, val string - handler http.Handler -} - -func (hs headerSetter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.Header().Set(hs.key, hs.val) - hs.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r) -} - -func newHeaderSetter(key, val string) func(http.Handler) http.Handler { - return func(h http.Handler) http.Handler { - return headerSetter{key, val, h} - } -} - -func main() { - h := http.NewServeMux() - - h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) - h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) - h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) - h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) - h.Handle("/five", numberDumper(5)) - - h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.WriteHeader(404) - fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") - }) - - hl := logger(h) - hhs := newHeaderSetter("X-FOO", "BAR")(hl) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", hhs) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -And here's the curl output: - -``` - ~ $ curl -i localhost:9999/three - HTTP/1.1 200 OK - X-Foo: BAR - Date: Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:39:48 GMT - Content-Length: 22 - Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 - - Here's your number: 3 - -``` - -`newHeaderSetter` returns a function which accepts and returns an -`http.Handler`. Calling that returned function with an `http.Handler` then gets -you an `http.Handler` which will set the header given to `newHeaderSetter` -before continuing on to the given `http.Handler`. - -This may seem like a strange way of organizing this; for this example the -signature for `newHeaderSetter` could very well have looked like this: - -``` -func newHeaderSetter(key, val string, h http.Handler) http.Handler -``` - -And that implementation would have worked fine. But it would have been more -difficult to compose going forward. In the next section I'll show what I mean. - -## Composing middleware with alice - -[Alice](https://github.com/justinas/alice) is a very simple and convenient -helper for working with middleware using the function signature we've been using -thusfar. Alice is used to create and use chains of middleware. Chains can even -be appended to each other, giving even further flexibility. Here's our previous -example with a couple more headers being set, but also using alice to manage the -added complexity. - -```go -package main - -import ( - "fmt" - "log" - "net/http" - - "github.com/justinas/alice" -) - -type numberDumper int - -func (n numberDumper) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - fmt.Fprintf(w, "Here's your number: %d\n", n) -} - -func logger(h http.Handler) http.Handler { - return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - log.Printf("%s requested %s", r.RemoteAddr, r.URL) - h.ServeHTTP(w, r) - }) -} - -type headerSetter struct { - key, val string - handler http.Handler -} - -func (hs headerSetter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.Header().Set(hs.key, hs.val) - hs.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r) -} - -func newHeaderSetter(key, val string) func(http.Handler) http.Handler { - return func(h http.Handler) http.Handler { - return headerSetter{key, val, h} - } -} - -func main() { - h := http.NewServeMux() - - h.Handle("/one", numberDumper(1)) - h.Handle("/two", numberDumper(2)) - h.Handle("/three", numberDumper(3)) - h.Handle("/four", numberDumper(4)) - - fiveHS := newHeaderSetter("X-FIVE", "the best number") - h.Handle("/five", fiveHS(numberDumper(5))) - - h.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - w.WriteHeader(404) - fmt.Fprintln(w, "That's not a supported number!") - }) - - chain := alice.New( - newHeaderSetter("X-FOO", "BAR"), - newHeaderSetter("X-BAZ", "BUZ"), - logger, - ).Then(h) - - err := http.ListenAndServe(":9999", chain) - log.Fatal(err) -} -``` - -In this example all requests will have the headers `X-FOO` and `X-BAZ` set, but -the `/five` endpoint will *also* have the `X-FIVE` header set. - -## Fin - -Starting with a simple idea of an interface, the `http` package allows us to -create for ourselves an incredibly useful and flexible (yet still rather simple) -ecosystem for building web apps with re-usable components, all without breaking -our static checks. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2015-11-21-happy-trees.md b/static/src/_posts/2015-11-21-happy-trees.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7fe8d0a..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2015-11-21-happy-trees.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,236 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Happy Trees -description: >- - Visualizing a forest of happy trees. -tags: tech art ---- - -Source code related to this post is available [here](https://github.com/mediocregopher/happy-tree). - -This project was inspired by [this video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DpzAvb3Vk4), -which you should watch first in order to really understand what's going on. - -My inspiration came from his noting that happification could be done on numbers -in bases other than 10. I immediately thought of hexadecimal, base-16, since I'm -a programmer and that's what I think of. I also was trying to think of how one -would graphically represent a large happification tree, when I realized that -hexadecimal numbers are colors, and colors graphically represent things nicely! - -## Colors - -Colors to computers are represented using 3-bytes, encompassing red, green, and -blue. Each byte is represented by two hexadecimal digits, and they are appended -together. For example `FF0000` represents maximum red (`FF`) added to no green -and no blue. `FF5500` represents maximum red (`FF`), some green (`55`) and no -blue (`00`), which when added together results in kind of an orange color. - -## Happifying colors - -In base 10, happifying a number is done by splitting its digits, squaring each -one individually, and adding the resulting numbers. The principal works the same -for hexadecimal numbers: - -``` -A4F -A*A + 4*4 + F*F -64 + 10 + E1 -155 // 341 in decimal -``` - -So if all colors are 6-digit hexadecimal numbers, they can be happified easily! - -``` -FF5500 -F*F + F*F + 5*5 + 5*5 + 0*0 + 0*0 -E1 + E1 + 19 + 19 + 0 + 0 -0001F4 -``` - -So `FF5500` (an orangish color) happifies to `0001F4` (a darker blue). Since -order of digits doesn't matter, `5F50F0` also happifies to `0001F4`. From this -fact, we can make a tree (hence the happification tree). I can do this process -on every color from `000000` (black) to `FFFFFF` (white), so I will! - -## Representing the tree - -So I know I can represent the tree using color, but there's more to decide on -than that. The easy way to represent a tree would be to simply draw a literal -tree graph, with a circle for each color and lines pointing to its parent and -children. But this is boring, and also if I want to represent *all* colors the -resulting image would be enormous and/or unreadable. - -I decided on using a hollow, multi-level pie-chart. Using the example -of `000002`, it would look something like this: - - - -The inner arc represents the color `000002`. The second arc represents the 15 -different colors which happify into `000002`, each of them may also have their -own outer arc of numbers which happify to them, and so on. - -This representation is nice because a) It looks cool and b) it allows the -melancoils of the hexadecimals to be placed around the happification tree -(numbers which happify into `000001`), which is convenient. It's also somewhat -easier to code than a circle/branch based tree diagram. - -An important feature I had to implement was proportional slice sizes. If I were -to give each child of a color an equal size on that arc's edge the image would -simply not work. Some branches of the tree are extremely deep, while others are -very shallow. If all were given the same space, those deep branches wouldn't -even be representable by a single pixel's width, and would simply fail to show -up. So I implemented proportional slice sizes, where the size of every slice is -determined to be proportional to how many total (recursively) children it has. -You can see this in the above example, where the second level arc is largely -comprised of one giant slice, with many smaller slices taking up the end. - -## First attempt - -My first attempt resulted in this image (click for 5000x5000 version): - -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp1.png) - -The first thing you'll notice is that it looks pretty neat. - -The second thing you'll notice is that there's actually only one melancoil in -the 6-digit hexadecimal number set. The innermost black circle is `000000` which -only happifies to itself, and nothing else will happify to it (sad `000000`). -The second circle represents `000001`, and all of its runty children. And -finally the melancoil, comprised of: - -``` -00000D -> 0000A9 -> 0000B5 -> 000092 -> 000055 -> 00003 -> ... -``` - -The final thing you'll notice (or maybe it was the first, since it's really -obvious) is that it's very blue. Non-blue colors are really only represented as -leaves on their trees and don't ever really have any children of their own, so -the blue and black sections take up vastly more space. - -This makes sense. The number which should generate the largest happification -result, `FFFFFF`, only results in `000546`, which is primarily blue. So in effect -all colors happify to some shade of blue. - -This might have been it, technically this is the happification tree and the -melancoil of 6 digit hexadecimal numbers represented as colors. But it's also -boring, and I wanted to do better. - -## Second attempt - -The root of the problem is that the definition of "happification" I used -resulted in not diverse enough results. I wanted something which would give me -numbers where any of the digits could be anything. Something more random. - -I considered using a hash instead, like md5, but that has its own problems. -There's no gaurantee that any number would actually reach `000001`, which isn't -required but it's a nice feature that I wanted. It also would be unlikely that -there would be any melancoils that weren't absolutely gigantic. - -I ended up redefining what it meant to happify a hexadecimal number. Instead of -adding all the digits up, I first split up the red, green, and blue digits into -their own numbers, happified those numbers, and finally reassembled the results -back into a single number. For example: - -``` -FF5500 -FF, 55, 00 -F*F + F*F, 5*5 + 5*5, 0*0 + 0*0 -1C2, 32, 00 -C23200 -``` - -I drop that 1 on the `1C2`, because it has no place in this system. Sorry 1. - -Simply replacing that function resulted in this image (click for 5000x5000) version: - -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp2.png) - -The first thing you notice is that it's so colorful! So that goal was achieved. - -The second thing you notice is that there's *significantly* more melancoils. -Hundreds, even. Here's a couple of the melancoils (each on its own line): - -``` -00000D -> 0000A9 -> 0000B5 -> 000092 -> 000055 -> 000032 -> ... -000D0D -> 00A9A9 -> 00B5B5 -> 009292 -> 005555 -> 003232 -> ... -0D0D0D -> A9A9A9 -> B5B5B5 -> 929292 -> 555555 -> 323232 -> ... -0D0D32 -> A9A90D -> B5B5A9 -> 9292B5 -> 555592 -> 323255 -> ... -... -``` - -And so on. You'll notice the first melancoil listed is the same as the one from -the first attempt. You'll also notice that the same numbers from the that -melancoil are "re-used" in the rest of them as well. The second coil listed is -the same as the first, just with the numbers repeated in the 3rd and 4th digits. -The third coil has those numbers repeated once more in the 1st and 2nd digits. -The final coil is the same numbers, but with the 5th and 6th digits offset one -place in the rotation. - -The rest of the melancoils in this attempt work out to just be every conceivable -iteration of the above. This is simply a property of the algorithm chosen, and -there's not a whole lot we can do about it. - -## Third attempt - -After talking with [Mr. Marco](/members/#marcopolo) about the previous attempts -I got an idea that would lead me towards more attempts. The main issue I was -having in coming up with new happification algorithms was figuring out what to -do about getting a number greater than `FFFFFF`. Dropping the leading digits -just seemed.... lame. - -One solution I came up with was to simply happify again. And again, and again. -Until I got a number less than or equal to `FFFFFF`. - -With this new plan, I could increase the power by which I'm raising each -individual digit, and drop the strategy from the second attempt of splitting the -number into three parts. In the first attempt I was doing happification to the -power of 2, but what if I wanted to happify to the power of 6? It would look -something like this (starting with the number `34BEEF`): - -``` -34BEEF -3^6 + 4^6 + B^6 + E^6 + E^6 + E^6 + F^6 -2D9 + 1000 + 1B0829 + 72E440 + 72E440 + ADCEA1 -1AEB223 - -1AEB223 is greater than FFFFFF, so we happify again - -1^6 + A^6 + E^6 + B^6 + 2^6 + 2^6 + 3^6 -1 + F4240 + 72E440 + 1B0829 + 40 + 40 + 2D9 -9D3203 -``` - -So `34BEEF` happifies to `9D3203`, when happifying to the power of 6. - -As mentioned before the first attempt in this blog was the 2nd power tree, -here's the trees for the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th powers (each image is a link to -a larger version): - -3rd power: -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp3-pow3.png) - -4th power: -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp3-pow4.png) - -5th power: -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp3-pow5.png) - -6th power: -[](/img/happy-tree/happy-tree-atmp3-pow6.png) - -A couple things to note: - -* 3-5 are still very blue. It's not till the 6th power that the distribution - becomes random enough to become very colorful. - -* Some powers have more coils than others. Power of 3 has a lot, and actually a - lot of them aren't coils, but single narcissistic numbers. Narcissistic - numbers are those which happify to themselves. `000000` and `000001` are - narcissistic numbers in all powers, power of 3 has quite a few more. - -* 4 looks super cool. - -Using unsigned 64-bit integers I could theoretically go up to the power of 15. -But I hit a roadblock at power of 7, in that there's actually a melancoil which -occurs whose members are all greater than `FFFFFF`. This means that my strategy -of repeating happifying until I get under `FFFFFF` doesn't work for any numbers -which lead into that coil. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2017-09-06-brian-bars.md b/static/src/_posts/2017-09-06-brian-bars.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c56272..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2017-09-06-brian-bars.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Brian Bars -description: >- - Cheap and easy to make, healthy, vegan, high-carb, high-protein. "The Good - Stuff". -updated: 2018-01-18 ---- - -It actually blows my mind it's been 4 years since I used this blog. It was -previously a tech blog, but then I started putting all my tech-related posts on -[the cryptic blog](https://cryptic.io). As of now this is a lifestyle/travel -blog. The me of 4 years ago would be horrified. - -Now I just have to come up with a lifestyle and do some traveling. - -## Recipe - -This isn't a real recipe because I'm not going to preface it with my entire -fucking life story. Let's talk about the food. - -Brian bars: - -* Are like Clif Bars, but with the simplicity of ingredients that Larabars have. -* Are easy to make, only needing a food processor (I use a magic bullet) and a - stovetop oven. -* Keep for a long time and don't really need refrigerating (but don't mind it - neither) -* Are paleo, vegan, gluten-free, free-range, grass-fed, whatever... -* Are really really filling. -* Are named after me, deal with it. - -I've worked on this recipe for a bit, trying to make it workable, and will -probably keep adjusting it (and this post) as time goes on. - -### Ingredients - -Nuts and seeds. Most of this recipe is nuts and seeds. Here's the ones I used: - -* 1 cup almonds -* 1 cup peanuts -* 1 cup walnuts -* 1 cup coconut flakes/shavings/whatever -* 1/2 cup flax seeds -* 1/2 cup sesame seeds - -For all of those above it doesn't _really_ matter what nuts/seeds you use, it's -all gonna get ground up anyway. So whatever's cheap works fine. Also, avoid -salt-added ones if you can. - -The other ingredients are: - -* 1 cup raisins/currants -* 1.5 lbs of pitted dates (no added sugar! you don't need it!) -* 2 cups oats - -### Grind up the nuts - -Throw the nuts into the food processor and grind them into a powder. Then throw -that powder into a bowl along with the seeds, coconuts, raisins, and oats, and -mix em good. - -I don't _completely_ grind up the nuts, instead leaving some chunks in it here -and there, but you do you. - -### Prepare the dates - -This is the harder part, and is what took me a couple tries to get right. The -best strategy I've found is to steam the dates a bit over a stove to soften -them. Then, about a cup at a time, you can throw them in the food processor and -turn them into a paste. You may have to add a little water if your processor is -having trouble. - -Once processed you can add the dates to the mix from before and stir it all up. -It'll end up looking something like cookie dough. Except unlike cookie dough -it's completely safe to eat and maybe sorta healthy. - -### Bake it, Finish it - -Put the dough stuff in a pan of some sort, flatten it out, and stick it in the -oven at like 250 or 300 for a few hours. You're trying to cook out the water you -added earlier when you steamed the dates, as well as whatever little moisture -the dates had in the first place. - -Once thoroughly baked you can stick the pan in the fridge to cool and keep, -and/or cut it up into individual bars. Keep in mind that the bars are super -filling and allow for pretty small portions. Wrap em in foil or plastic wrap and -take them to-go, or keep them around for a snack. Or both. Or whatever you want -to do, it's your food. - -### Cleanup - -Dates are simultaneously magical and the most annoying thing to work with, so -there's cleanup problems you may run into with them: - -Protip #1: When cleaning your processed date slime off of your cooking utensils -I'd recommend just letting them soak in water for a while. Dry-ish date slime -will stick to everything, while soaked date slime will come right off. - -Protip #2: Apparently if you want ants, dates are a great way to get ants. My -apartment has never had an ant problem until 3 hours after I made a batch of -these and didn't wipe down my counter enough. I'm still dealing with the ants. -Apparently there's enviromentally friendly ant poisons where the ants happily -carry the poison back into the nest and the whole nest eats it and dies. Which -feels kinda mean in some way, but is also pretty clever and they're just ants -anyway so fuck it. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2018-10-25-rethinking-identity.md b/static/src/_posts/2018-10-25-rethinking-identity.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7fd7e70..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2018-10-25-rethinking-identity.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,293 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Rethinking Identity -description: >- - A more useful way of thinking about identity on the internet, and using that - to build a service which makes our online life better. -tags: tech ---- - -In my view, the major social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, -etc...) are broken. They worked well at small scales, but billions of people are -now exposed to them, and [Murphy's Law][murphy] has come into effect. The weak -points in the platforms have been found and exploited, to the point where -they're barely usable for interacting with anyone you don't already know in -person. - -[murphy]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law - -On the other hand, social media, at its core, is a powerful tool that humans -have developed, and it's not one to be thrown away lightly (if it can be thrown -away at all). It's worthwhile to try and fix it. So that's what this post is -about. - -A lot of moaning and groaning has already been done on how social media is toxic -for the average person. But the average person isn't doing anything more than -receiving and reacting to their environment. If that environment is toxic, the -person in it becomes so as well. It's certainly possible to filter the toxicity -out, and use a platform to your own benefit, but that takes work on the user's -part. It would be nice to think that people will do more than follow the path of -least resistance, but at scale that's simply not how reality is, and people -shouldn't be expected to do that work. - -To identify what has become toxic about the platforms, first we need to identify -what a non-toxic platform would look like. - -The ideal definition for social media is to give people a place to socialize -with friends, family, and the rest of the world. Defining "socialize" is tricky, -and probably an exercise only a socially awkward person who doesn't do enough -socializing would undertake. "Expressing one's feelings, knowledge, and -experiences to other people, and receiving theirs in turn" feels like a good -approximation. A platform where true socializing was the only activity would be -ideal. - -Here are some trends on our social media which have nothing to do with -socializing: artificially boosted follower numbers on Instagram to obtain -product sponsors, shills in Reddit comments boosting a product or company, -russian trolls on Twitter spreading propaganda, trolls everywhere being dicks -and switching IPs when they get banned, and [that basketball president whose -wife used burner Twitter accounts to trash talk players][president]. - -[president]: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/sports/bryan-colangelo-sixers-wife.html - -These are all examples of how anonymity can be abused on social media. I want -to say up front that I'm _not_ against anonymity on the internet, and that I -think we can have our cake and eat it too. But we _should_ acknowledge the -direct and indirect problems anonymity causes. We can't trust that anyone on -social media is being honest about who they are and what their motivation is. -This problem extends outside of social media too, to Amazon product reviews (and -basically any other review system), online polls and raffles, multiplayer games, -and surely many other other cases. - -## Identity - -To fix social media, and other large swaths of the internet, we need to rethink -identity. This process started for me a long time ago, when I watched [this TED -talk][identity], which discusses ways in which we misunderstand identity. -Crucially, David Birch points out that identity is not a name, it's more -fundamental than that. - -[identity]: https://www.ted.com/talks/david_birch_identity_without_a_name - -In the context of online platforms, where a user creates an account which -identifies them in some way, identity breaks down into 3 distinct problems -which are often conflated: - -* Authentication: Is this identity owned by this person? -* Differentiation: Is this identity unique to this person? -* Authorization: Is this identity allowed to do X? - -For internet platform developers, authentication has been given the full focus. -Blog posts, articles, guides, and services abound which deal with properly -hashing and checking passwords, two factor authentication, proper account -recovery procedure, etc... While authentication is not a 100% solved problem, -it's had the most work done on it, and the problems which this post deals with -are not affected by it. - -The problem which should instead be focused on is differentiation. - -## Differentiation - -I want to make very clear, once more, that I am _not_ in favor of de-anonymizing -the web, and doing so is not what I'm proposing. - -Differentiation is without a doubt the most difficult identity problem to solve. -It's not even clear that it's solvable offline. Take this situation: you are in -a room, and you are told that one person is going to walk in, then leave, then -another person will do the same. These two persons may or may not be the same -person. You're allowed to do anything you like to each person (with their -consent) in order to determine if they are the same person or not. - -For the vast, vast majority of cases you can simply look with your eyeballs and -see if they are different people. But this will not work 100% of the time. -Identical twins are an obvious example of two persons looking like one, but a -malicious actor with a disguise might be one person posing as two. Biometrics -like fingerprints, iris scanning, and DNA testing fail for many reasons (the -identical twin case being one). You could attempt to give the first a unique -marking on their skin, but who's to say they don't have a solvent, which can -clean that marking off, waiting right outside the door? - -The solutions and refutations can continue on pedantically for some time, but -the point is that there is likely not a 100% solution, and even the 90% -solutions require significant investment. Differentiation is a hard problem, -which most developers don't want to solve. Most are fine with surrogates like -checking that an email or phone number is unique to the platform, but these -aren't enough to stop a dedicated individual or organization. - -### Roll Your Own Differentiation - -If a platform wants to roll their own solution to the differentiation problem, a -proper solution, it might look something like this: - -* Submit an image of your passport, or other government issued ID. This would - have to be checked against the appropriate government agency to ensure the - ID is legitimate. - -* Submit an image of your face, alongside a written note containing a code given - by the platform. Software to detect manipulated images would need to be - employed, as well as reverse image searching to ensure the image isn't being - reused. - -* Once completed, all data needs to be hashed/fingerprinted and then destroyed, - so sensitive data isn't sitting around on servers, but can still be checked - against future users signing up for the platform. - -* A dedicated support team would be needed to handle edge-cases and mistakes. - -None of these is trivial, nor would I trust an up-and-coming platform which is -being bootstrapped out of a basement to implement any of them correctly. -Additionally, going through with this process would be a _giant_ point of -friction for a user creating a new account; they likely would go use a different -platform instead, which didn't have all this nonsense required. - -### Differentiation as a Service - -This is the crux of this post. - -Instead of each platform rolling their own differentiation, what if there was a -service for it. Users would still have to go through the hassle described above, -but only once forever, and on a more trustable site. Then platforms, no matter -what stage of development they're at, could use that service to ensure that -their community of users is free from the problems of fake accounts and trolls. - -This is what the service would look like: - -* A user would have to, at some point, have gone through the steps above to - create an account on the differentiation-as-a-service (DaaS) platform. This - account would have the normal authentication mechanisms that most platforms - do (password, two-factor, etc...). - -* When creating an account on a new platform, the user would login to their DaaS - account (similar to the common "login with Google/Facebook/Twitter" buttons). - -* The DaaS then returns an opaque token, an effectively random string which - uniquely identifies that user, to the platform. The platform can then check in - its own user database for any other users using that token, and know if the - user already has an account. All of this happens without any identifying - information being passed to the platform. - -Similar to how many sites outsource to Cloudflare to handle DDoS protection, -which is better handled en masse by people familiar with the problem, the DaaS -allows for outsourcing the problem of differentiation. Users are more likely to -trust an established DaaS service than a random website they're signing up for. -And signing up for a DaaS is a one-time event, so if enough platforms are using -the DaaS it could become worthwhile for them to do so. - -Finally, since the DaaS also handles authentication, a platform could outsource -that aspect of identity management to it as well. This is optional for the -platform, but for smaller platforms which are just starting up it might be -worthwhile to save that development time. - -### Traits of a Successful DaaS - -It's possible for me to imagine a world where use of DaaS' is common, but -bridging the gap between that world and this one is not as obvious. Still, I -think it's necessary if the internet is to ever evolve passed being, primarily, -a home for trolls. There are a number of traits of an up-and-coming DaaS which -would aid it in being accepted by the internet: - -* **Patience**: there is a critical mass of users and platforms using DaaS' - where it becomes more advantageous for platforms to use the DaaS than not. - Until then, the DaaS and platforms using it need to take deliberate but small - steps. For example: making DaaS usage optional for platform users, and giving - their accounts special marks to indicate they're "authentic" (like Twitter's - blue checkmark); giving those users' activity higher weight in algorithms; - allowing others to filter out activity of non-"authentic" users; etc... These - are all preliminary steps which can be taken which encourage but don't require - platform users to use a DaaS. - -* **User-friendly**: most likely the platforms using a DaaS are what are going - to be paying the bills. A successful DaaS will need to remember that, no - matter where the money comes from, if the users aren't happy they'll stop - using the DaaS, and platforms will be forced to switch to a different one or - stop using them altogether. User-friendliness means more than a nice - interface; it means actually caring for the users' interests, taking their - privacy and security seriously, and in all other aspects being on their side. - In that same vein, competition is important, and so... - -* **No country/government affiliation**: If the DaaS was to be run by a - government agency it would have no incentive to provide a good user - experience, since the users aren't paying the bills (they might not even be in - that country). A DaaS shouldn't be exclusive to any one government or country - anyway. Perhaps it starts out that way, to get off the ground, but ultimately - the internet is a global institution, and is healthiest when it's connecting - individuals _around the world_. A successful DaaS will reach beyond borders - and try to connect everyone. - -Obviously actually starting a DaaS would be a huge undertaking, and would -require proper management and good developers and all that, but such things -apply to most services. - -## Authorization - -The final aspect of identity management, which I haven't talked about yet, is -authorization. This aspect deals with what a particular identity is allowed to -do. For example, is an identity allowed to claim they have a particular name, or -are from a particular place, or are of a particular age? Other things like -administration and moderation privileges also fall under authorization, but they -are generally defined and managed within a platform. - -A DaaS has the potential to help with authorization as well, though with a giant -caveat. If a DaaS were to not fingerprint and destroy the user's data, like -their name and birthday and whatnot, but instead store them, then the following -use-case could also be implemented: - -* A platform wants to know if a user is above a certain age, let's say. It asks - the DaaS for that information. - -* The DaaS asks the user, OAuth style, whether the user is ok with giving the - platform that information. - -* If so, the platform is given that information. - -This is a tricky situation. It adds a lot of liablity for the user, since their -raw data will be stored with the DaaS, ripe for hacking. It also places a lot of -trust with the DaaS to be responsible with users' data and not go giving it out -willy-nilly to others, and instead to only give out the bare-minimum that the -user allows. Since the user is not the DaaS' direct customer, this might be too -much to ask. Nevertheless, it's a use-case which is worth thinking about. - -## Dapps - -The idea of decentralized applications, or dapps, has begun to gain traction. -While not mainstream yet, I think they have potential, and it's necessary to -discuss how a DaaS would operate in a world where the internet is no longer -hosted in central datacenters. - -Consider an Ethereum-based dapp. If a user were to register one ethereum address -(which are really public keys) with their DaaS account, the following use-case -could be implemented: - -* A charity dapp has an ethereum contract, which receives a call from an - ethereum address asking for money. The dapp wants to ensure every person it - sends money to hasn't received any that day. - -* The DaaS has a separate ethereum contract it manages, where it stores all - addresses which have been registered to a user. There is no need to keep any - other user information in the contract. - -* The charity dapp's contract calls the DaaS' contract, asking it if the address - is one of its addresses. If so, and if the charity contract hasn't given to - that address yet today, it can send money to that address. - -There would perhaps need to be some mechanism by which a user could change their -address, which would be complex since that address might be in use by a dapp -already, but it's likely a solvable problem. - -A charity dapp is a bit of a silly example; ideally with a charity dapp there'd -also be some mechanism to ensure a person actually _needs_ the money. But -there's other dapp ideas which would become feasible, due to the inability of a -person to impersonate many people, if DaaS use becomes normal. - -## Why Did I Write This? - -Perhaps you've gotten this far and are asking: "Clearly you've thought about -this a lot, why don't you make this yourself and make some phat stacks of cash -with a startup?" The answer is that this project would need to be started and -run by serious people, who can be dedicated and thorough and responsible. I'm -not sure I'm one of those people; I get distracted easily. But I would like to -see this idea tried, and so I've written this up thinking maybe someone else -would take the reins. - -I'm not asking for equity or anything, if you want to try; it's a free idea for -the taking. But if it turns out to be a bazillion dollar Good Idea™, I won't say -no to a donation... diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-1.md b/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-1.md deleted file mode 100644 index 73c4cd9..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-1.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 1 -description: >- - Using clojurescript and quil to generate interesting visuals -series: viz -git_repo: https://github.com/mediocregopher/viz.git -git_commit: v1 -tags: tech art ---- - -First I want to appologize if you've seen this already, I originally had this up -on my normal website, but I've decided to instead consolidate all my work to my -blog. - -This is the first of a series of visualization posts I intend to work on, each -building from the previous one. - -<script src="/assets/viz/1/goog/base.js"></script> -<script src="/assets/viz/1/cljs_deps.js"></script> -<script>goog.require("viz.core");</script> -<p align="center"><canvas id="viz"></canvas></p> - -This visualization follows a few simple rules: - -* Any point can only be occupied by a single node. A point may be alive (filled) - or dead (empty). - -* On every tick each live point picks from 0 to N new points to spawn, where N is - the number of empty adjacent points to it. If it picks 0, it becomes dead. - -* Each line indicates the parent of a point. Lines have an arbitrary lifetime of - a few ticks, and occupy the points they connect (so new points may not spawn - on top of a line). - -* When a dead point has no lines it is cleaned up, and its point is no longer - occupied. - -The resulting behavior is somewhere between [Conway's Game of -Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life) and white noise. -Though each point operates independently, they tend to move together in groups. -When two groups collide head on they tend to cancel each other out, killing most -of both. When they meet while both heading in a common direction they tend to -peacefully merge towards that direction. - -Sometimes their world becomes so cluttered there's hardly room to move. -Sometimes a major coincidence of events leads to multiple groups canceling each -other at once, opening up the world and allowing for an explosion of new growth. - -Some groups spiral about a single point, sustaining themselves and defending -from outside groups in the same movement. This doesn't last for very long. - -The performance of this visualization is not very optimized, and will probably -eat up your CPU like nothing else. Most of the slowness comes from drawing the -lines; since there's so many individual small ones it's quite cumbersome to do. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-2.md b/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-2.md deleted file mode 100644 index de30d56..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2018-11-12-viz-2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 2 -description: >- - Now in glorious technicolor! -series: viz -git_repo: https://github.com/mediocregopher/viz.git -git_commit: v2 -tags: tech art ---- - - -<script src="/assets/viz/2/goog/base.js"></script> -<script src="/assets/viz/2/cljs_deps.js"></script> -<script>goog.require("viz.core");</script> -<p align="center"><canvas id="viz"></canvas></p> - -This visualization builds on the previous. Structurally the cartesian grid has -been turned into an isometric one, but this is more of an environmental change -than a behavioral one. - -Behavioral changes which were made: - -* When a live point is deciding its next spawn points, it first sorts the set of - empty adjacent points from closest-to-the-center to farthest. It then chooses - a number `n` between `0` to `N` (where `N` is the sorted set's size) and - spawns new points from the first `n` points of the sorted set. `n` is chosen - based on: - - * The live point's linear distance from the center. - - * A random multiplier. - -* Each point is spawned with an attached color, where the color chosen is a - slightly different hue than its parent. The change is deterministic, so all - child points of the same generation have the same color. - -The second change is purely cosmetic, but does create a mesmerizing effect. The -first change alters the behavior dramatically. Only the points which compete for -the center are able to reproduce, but by the same token are more likely to be -starved out by other points doing the same. - -In the previous visualization the points moved around in groups aimlessly. Now -the groups are all competing for the same thing, the center. As a result they -congregate and are able to be viewed as a larger whole. - -The constant churn of the whole takes many forms, from a spiral in the center, -to waves crashing against each other, to outright chaos, to random purges of -nearly all points. Each form lasts for only a few seconds before giving way to -another. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2019-08-02-program-structure-and-composability.md b/static/src/_posts/2019-08-02-program-structure-and-composability.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7add404..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2019-08-02-program-structure-and-composability.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,588 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Program Structure and Composability -description: >- - Discussing the nature of program structure, the problems presented by - complex structures, and a pattern that helps in solving those problems. -tags: tech ---- - -## Part 0: Introduction - -This post is focused on a concept I call “program structure,” which I will try -to shed some light on before discussing complex program structures. I will then -discuss why complex structures can be problematic to deal with, and will finally -discuss a pattern for dealing with those problems. - -My background is as a backend engineer working on large projects that have had -many moving parts; most had multiple programs interacting with each other, used -many different databases in various contexts, and faced large amounts of load -from millions of users. Most of this post will be framed from my perspective, -and will present problems in the way I have experienced them. I believe, -however, that the concepts and problems I discuss here are applicable to many -other domains, and I hope those with a foot in both backend systems and a second -domain can help to translate the ideas between the two. - -Also note that I will be using Go as my example language, but none of the -concepts discussed here are specific to Go. To that end, I’ve decided to favor -readable code over “correct” code, and so have elided things that most gophers -hold near-and-dear, such as error checking and proper documentation, in order to -make the code as accessible as possible to non-gophers as well. As with before, -I trust that someone with a foot in Go and another language can help me -translate between the two. - -## Part 1: Program Structure - -In this section I will discuss the difference between directory and program -structure, show how global state is antithetical to compartmentalization (and -therefore good program structure), and finally discuss a more effective way to -think about program structure. - -### Directory Structure - -For a long time, I thought about program structure in terms of the hierarchy -present in the filesystem. In my mind, a program’s structure looked like this: - -``` -// The directory structure of a project called gobdns. -src/ - config/ - dns/ - http/ - ips/ - persist/ - repl/ - snapshot/ - main.go -``` - -What I grew to learn was that this conflation of “program structure” with -“directory structure” is ultimately unhelpful. While it can’t be denied that -every program has a directory structure (and if not, it ought to), this does not -mean that the way the program looks in a filesystem in any way corresponds to -how it looks in our mind’s eye. - -The most notable way to show this is to consider a library package. Here is the -structure of a simple web-app which uses redis (my favorite database) as a -backend: - -``` -src/ - redis/ - http/ - main.go -``` - -If I were to ask you, based on that directory structure, what the program does -in the most abstract terms, you might say something like: “The program -establishes an http server that listens for requests. It also establishes a -connection to the redis server. The program then interacts with redis in -different ways based on the http requests that are received on the server.” - -And that would be a good guess. Here’s a diagram that depicts the program -structure, wherein the root node, `main.go`, takes in requests from `http` and -processes them using `redis`. - -{% include image.html - dir="program-structure" file="diag1.jpg" width=519 - descr="Example 1" - %} - -This is certainly a viable guess for how a program with that directory -structure operates, but consider another answer: “A component of the program -called `server` establishes an http server that listens for requests. `server` -also establishes a connection to a redis server. `server` then interacts with -that redis connection in different ways based on the http requests that are -received on the http server. Additionally, `server` tracks statistics about -these interactions and makes them available to other components. The root -component of the program establishes a connection to a second redis server, and -stores those statistics in that redis server.” Here’s another diagram to depict -_that_ program. - -{% include image.html - dir="program-structure" file="diag2.jpg" width=712 - descr="Example 2" - %} - -The directory structure could apply to either description; `redis` is just a -library which allows for interaction with a redis server, but it doesn’t -specify _which_ or _how many_ servers. However, those are extremely important -factors that are definitely reflected in our concept of the program’s -structure, and not in the directory structure. **What the directory structure -reflects are the different _kinds_ of components available to use, but it does -not reflect how a program will use those components.** - - -### Global State vs Compartmentalization - -The directory-centric view of structure often leads to the use of global -singletons to manage access to external resources like RPC servers and -databases. In examples 1 and 2 the `redis` library might contain code which -looks something like this: - -```go -// A mapping of connection names to redis connections. -var globalConns = map[string]*RedisConn{} - -func Get(name string) *RedisConn { - if globalConns[name] == nil { - globalConns[name] = makeRedisConnection(name) - } - return globalConns[name] -} -``` - -Even though this pattern would work, it breaks with our conception of the -program structure in more complex cases like example 2. Rather than the `redis` -component being owned by the `server` component, which actually uses it, it -would be practically owned by _all_ components, since all are able to use it. -Compartmentalization has been broken, and can only be held together through -sheer human discipline. - -**This is the problem with all global state. It is shareable among all -components of a program, and so is accountable to none of them.** One must look -at an entire codebase to understand how a globally held component is used, -which might not even be possible for a large codebase. Therefore, the -maintainers of these shared components rely entirely on the discipline of their -fellow coders when making changes, usually discovering where that discipline -broke down once the changes have been pushed live. - -Global state also makes it easier for disparate programs/components to share -datastores for completely unrelated tasks. In example 2, rather than creating a -new redis instance for the root component’s statistics storage, the coder might -have instead said, “well, there’s already a redis instance available, I’ll just -use that.” And so, compartmentalization would have been broken further. Perhaps -the two instances _could_ be coalesced into the same instance for the sake of -resource efficiency, but that decision would be better made at runtime via the -configuration of the program, rather than being hardcoded into the code. - -From the perspective of team management, global state-based patterns do nothing -except slow teams down. The person/team responsible for maintaining the central -library in which shared components live (`redis`, in the above examples) -becomes the bottleneck for creating new instances for new components, which -will further lead to re-using existing instances rather than creating new ones, -further breaking compartmentalization. Additionally the person/team responsible -for the central library, rather than the team using it, often finds themselves -as the maintainers of the shared resource. - -### Component Structure - -So what does proper program structure look like? In my mind the structure of a -program is a hierarchy of components, or, in other words, a tree. The leaf -nodes of the tree are almost _always_ IO related components, e.g., database -connections, RPC server frameworks or clients, message queue consumers, etc. -The non-leaf nodes will _generally_ be components that bring together the -functionalities of their children in some useful way, though they may also have -some IO functionality of their own. - -Let's look at an even more complex structure, still only using the `redis` and -`http` component types: - -{% include image.html - dir="program-structure" file="diag3.jpg" width=729 - descr="Example 3" - %} - -This component structure contains the addition of the `debug` component. -Clearly the `http` and `redis` components are reusable in different contexts, -but for this example the `debug` endpoint is as well. It creates a separate -http server that can be queried to perform runtime debugging of the program, -and can be tacked onto virtually any program. The `rest-api` component is -specific to this program and is therefore not reusable. Let’s dive into it a -bit to see how it might be implemented: - -```go -// RestAPI is very much not thread-safe, hopefully it doesn't have to handle -// more than one request at once. -type RestAPI struct { - redisConn *redis.RedisConn - httpSrv *http.Server - - // Statistics exported for other components to see - RequestCount int - FooRequestCount int - BarRequestCount int -} - -func NewRestAPI() *RestAPI { - r := new(RestAPI) - r.redisConn := redis.NewConn("127.0.0.1:6379") - - // mux will route requests to different handlers based on their URL path. - mux := http.NewServeMux() - mux.HandleFunc("/foo", r.fooHandler) - mux.HandleFunc("/bar", r.barHandler) - r.httpSrv := http.NewServer(mux) - - // Listen for requests and serve them in the background. - go r.httpSrv.Listen(":8000") - - return r -} - -func (r *RestAPI) fooHandler(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - r.redisConn.Command("INCR", "fooKey") - r.RequestCount++ - r.FooRequestCount++ -} - -func (r *RestAPI) barHandler(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - r.redisConn.Command("INCR", "barKey") - r.RequestCount++ - r.BarRequestCount++ -} -``` - - -In that snippet `rest-api` coalesced `http` and `redis` into a simple REST-like -api using pre-made library components. `main.go`, the root component, does much -the same: - -```go -func main() { - // Create debug server and start listening in the background - debugSrv := debug.NewServer() - - // Set up the RestAPI, this will automatically start listening - restAPI := NewRestAPI() - - // Create another redis connection and use it to store statistics - statsRedisConn := redis.NewConn("127.0.0.1:6380") - for { - time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) - statsRedisConn.Command("SET", "numReqs", restAPI.RequestCount) - statsRedisConn.Command("SET", "numFooReqs", restAPI.FooRequestCount) - statsRedisConn.Command("SET", "numBarReqs", restAPI.BarRequestCount) - } -} -``` - -One thing that is clearly missing in this program is proper configuration, -whether from command-line or environment variables, etc. As it stands, all -configuration parameters, such as the redis addresses and http listen -addresses, are hardcoded. Proper configuration actually ends up being somewhat -difficult, as the ideal case would be for each component to set up its own -configuration variables without its parent needing to be aware. For example, -`redis` could set up `addr` and `pool-size` parameters. The problem is that there -are two `redis` components in the program, and their parameters would therefore -conflict with each other. An elegant solution to this problem is discussed in -the next section. - -## Part 2: Components, Configuration, and Runtime - -The key to the configuration problem is to recognize that, even if there are -two of the same component in a program, they can’t occupy the same place in the -program’s structure. In the above example, there are two `http` components: one -under `rest-api` and the other under `debug`. Because the structure is -represented as a tree of components, the “path” of any node in the tree -uniquely represents it in the structure. For example, the two `http` components -in the previous example have these paths: - -``` -root -> rest-api -> http -root -> debug -> http -``` - -If each component were to know its place in the component tree, then it would -easily be able to ensure that its configuration and initialization didn’t -conflict with other components of the same type. If the `http` component sets -up a command-line parameter to know what address to listen on, the two `http` -components in that program would set up: - -``` ---rest-api-listen-addr ---debug-listen-addr -``` - -So how can we enable each component to know its path in the component structure? -To answer this, we’ll have to take a detour through a type, called `Component`. - -### Component and Configuration - -The `Component` type is a made-up type (though you’ll be able to find an -implementation of it at the end of this post). It has a single primary purpose, -and that is to convey the program’s structure to new components. - -To see how this is done, let's look at a couple of `Component`'s methods: - -```go -// Package mcmp - -// New returns a new Component which has no parents or children. It is therefore -// the root component of a component hierarchy. -func New() *Component - -// Child returns a new child of the called upon Component. -func (*Component) Child(name string) *Component - -// Path returns the Component's path in the component hierarchy. It will return -// an empty slice if the Component is the root component. -func (*Component) Path() []string -``` - -`Child` is used to create a new `Component`, corresponding to a new child node -in the component structure, and `Path` is used retrieve the path of any -`Component` within that structure. For the sake of keeping the examples simple, -let’s pretend these functions have been implemented in a package called `mcmp`. -Here’s an example of how `Component` might be used in the `redis` component’s -code: - -```go -// Package redis - -func NewConn(cmp *mcmp.Component, defaultAddr string) *RedisConn { - cmp = cmp.Child("redis") - paramPrefix := strings.Join(cmp.Path(), "-") - - addrParam := flag.String(paramPrefix+"-addr", defaultAddr, "Address of redis instance to connect to") - // finish setup - - return redisConn -} -``` - -In our above example, the two `redis` components' parameters would be: - -``` -// This first parameter is for the stats redis, whose parent is the root and -// therefore doesn't have a prefix. Perhaps stats should be broken into its own -// component in order to fix this. ---redis-addr ---rest-api-redis-addr -``` - -`Component` definitely makes it easier to instantiate multiple redis components -in our program, since it allows them to know their place in the component -structure. - -Having to construct the prefix for the parameters ourselves is pretty annoying, -so let’s introduce a new package, `mcfg`, which acts like `flag` but is aware -of `Component`. Then `redis.NewConn` is reduced to: - -```go -// Package redis - -func NewConn(cmp *mcmp.Component, defaultAddr string) *RedisConn { - cmp = cmp.Child("redis") - addrParam := mcfg.String(cmp, "addr", defaultAddr, "Address of redis instance to connect to") - // finish setup - - return redisConn -} -``` - -Easy-peasy. - -#### But What About Parse? - -Sharp-eyed gophers will notice that there is a key piece missing: When is -`flag.Parse`, or its `mcfg` counterpart, called? When does `addrParam` actually -get populated? It can’t happen inside `redis.NewConn` because there might be -other components after `redis.NewConn` that want to set up parameters. To -illustrate the problem, let’s look at a simple program that wants to set up two -`redis` components: - -```go -func main() { - // Create the root Component, an empty Component. - cmp := mcmp.New() - - // Create the Components for two sub-components, foo and bar. - cmpFoo := cmp.Child("foo") - cmpBar := cmp.Child("bar") - - // Now we want to try to create a redis sub-component for each component. - - // This will set up the parameter "--foo-redis-addr", but bar hasn't had a - // chance to set up its corresponding parameter, so the command-line can't - // be parsed yet. - fooRedis := redis.NewConn(cmpFoo, "127.0.0.1:6379") - - // This will set up the parameter "--bar-redis-addr", but, as mentioned - // before, redis.NewConn can't parse command-line. - barRedis := redis.NewConn(cmpBar, "127.0.0.1:6379") - - // It is only after all components have been instantiated that the - // command-line arguments can be parsed - mcfg.Parse() -} -``` - -While this solves our argument parsing problem, fooRedis and barRedis are not -usable yet because the actual connections have not been made. This is a classic -chicken and the egg problem. The func `redis.NewConn` needs to make a connection -which it cannot do until _after_ `mcfg.Parse` is called, but `mcfg.Parse` cannot -be called until after `redis.NewConn` has returned. We will solve this problem -in the next section. - -### Instantiation vs Initialization - -Let’s break down `redis.NewConn` into two phases: instantiation and -initialization. Instantiation refers to creating the component on the component -structure and having it declare what it needs in order to initialize (e.g., -configuration parameters). During instantiation, nothing external to the -program is performed; no IO, no reading of the command-line, no logging, etc. -All that’s happened is that the empty template of a `redis` component has been -created. - -Initialization is the phase during which the template is filled in. -Configuration parameters are read, startup actions like the creation of database -connections are performed, and logging is output for informational and debugging -purposes. - -The key to making effective use of this dichotomy is to allow _all_ components -to instantiate themselves before they initialize themselves. By doing this we -can ensure, for example, that all components have had the chance to declare -their configuration parameters before configuration parsing is done. - -So let’s modify `redis.NewConn` so that it follows this dichotomy. It makes -sense to leave instantiation-related code where it is, but we need a mechanism -by which we can declare initialization code before actually calling it. For -this, I will introduce the idea of a “hook.” - -#### But First: Augment Component - -In order to support hooks, however, `Component` will need to be augmented with -a few new methods. Right now, it can only carry with it information about the -component structure, but here we will add the ability to carry arbitrary -key/value information as well: - -```go -// Package mcmp - -// SetValue sets the given key to the given value on the Component, overwriting -// any previous value for that key. -func (*Component) SetValue(key, value interface{}) - -// Value returns the value which has been set for the given key, or nil if the -// key was never set. -func (*Component) Value(key interface{}) interface{} - -// Children returns the Component's children in the order they were created. -func (*Component) Children() []*Component -``` - -The final method allows us to, starting at the root `Component`, traverse the -component structure and interact with each `Component`’s key/value store. This -will be useful for implementing hooks. - -#### Hooks - -A hook is simply a function that will run later. We will declare a new package, -calling it `mrun`, and say that it has two new functions: - -```go -// Package mrun - -// InitHook registers the given hook to the given Component. -func InitHook(cmp *mcmp.Component, hook func()) - -// Init runs all hooks registered using InitHook. Hooks are run in the order -// they were registered. -func Init(cmp *mcmp.Component) -``` - -With these two functions, we are able to defer the initialization phase of -startup by using the same `Components` we were passing around for the purpose -of denoting component structure. - -Now, with these few extra pieces of functionality in place, let’s reconsider the -most recent example, and make a program that creates two redis components which -exist independently of each other: - -```go -// Package redis - -// NOTE that NewConn has been renamed to InstConn, to reflect that the returned -// *RedisConn is merely instantiated, not initialized. - -func InstConn(cmp *mcmp.Component, defaultAddr string) *RedisConn { - cmp = cmp.Child("redis") - - // we instantiate an empty RedisConn instance and parameters for it. Neither - // has been initialized yet. They will remain empty until initialization has - // occurred. - redisConn := new(RedisConn) - addrParam := mcfg.String(cmp, "addr", defaultAddr, "Address of redis instance to connect to") - - mrun.InitHook(cmp, func() { - // This hook will run after parameter initialization has happened, and - // so addrParam will be usable. Once this hook as run, redisConn will be - // usable as well. - *redisConn = makeRedisConnection(*addrParam) - }) - - // Now that cmp has had configuration parameters and intialization hooks - // set into it, return the empty redisConn instance back to the parent. - return redisConn -} -``` - -```go -// Package main - -func main() { - // Create the root Component, an empty Component. - cmp := mcmp.New() - - // Create the Components for two sub-components, foo and bar. - cmpFoo := cmp.Child("foo") - cmpBar := cmp.Child("bar") - - // Add redis components to each of the foo and bar sub-components. - redisFoo := redis.InstConn(cmpFoo, "127.0.0.1:6379") - redisBar := redis.InstConn(cmpBar, "127.0.0.1:6379") - - // Parse will descend into the Component and all of its children, - // discovering all registered configuration parameters and filling them from - // the command-line. - mcfg.Parse(cmp) - - // Now that configuration parameters have been initialized, run the Init - // hooks for all Components. - mrun.Init(cmp) - - // At this point the redis components have been fully initialized and may be - // used. For this example we'll copy all keys from one to the other. - keys := redisFoo.Command("KEYS", "*") - for i := range keys { - val := redisFoo.Command("GET", keys[i]) - redisBar.Command("SET", keys[i], val) - } -} -``` - -## Conclusion - -While the examples given here are fairly simplistic, the pattern itself is quite -powerful. Codebases naturally accumulate small, domain-specific behaviors and -optimizations over time, especially around the IO components of the program. -Databases are used with specific options that an organization finds useful, -logging is performed in particular places, metrics are counted around certain -pieces of code, etc. - -By programming with component structure in mind, we are able to keep these -optimizations while also keeping the clarity and compartmentalization of the -code intact. We can keep our code flexible and configurable, while also -re-usable and testable. Also, the simplicity of the tools involved means they -can be extended and retrofitted for nearly any situation or use-case. - -Overall, this is a powerful pattern that I’ve found myself unable to do without -once I began using it. - -### Implementation - -As a final note, you can find an example implementation of the packages -described in this post here: - -* [mcmp](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcmp) -* [mcfg](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcfg) -* [mrun](https://godoc.org/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mrun) - -The packages are not stable and are likely to change frequently. You’ll also -find that they have been extended quite a bit from the simple descriptions found -here, based on what I’ve found useful as I’ve implemented programs using -component structures. With these two points in mind, I would encourage you to -look and take whatever functionality you find useful for yourself, and not use -the packages directly. The core pieces are not different from what has been -described in this post. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2020-04-26-trading-in-the-rain.md b/static/src/_posts/2020-04-26-trading-in-the-rain.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5f2dbaa..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2020-04-26-trading-in-the-rain.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,56 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Trading in the Rain -description: >- - All those... gains... will be lost like... tears... -tags: tech art crypto ---- - -<!-- MIDI.js --> -<!-- polyfill --> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/inc/shim/Base64.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/inc/shim/Base64binary.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/inc/shim/WebAudioAPI.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<!-- MIDI.js package --> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/audioDetect.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/gm.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/loader.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/plugin.audiotag.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/plugin.webaudio.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/midi/plugin.webmidi.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<!-- utils --> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/util/dom_request_xhr.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MIDI.js/js/util/dom_request_script.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<!-- / MIDI.js --> - -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/Distributor.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/MusicBox.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/RainCanvas.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/CW.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/SeriesComposer.js" type="text/javascript"></script> -<script src="/assets/trading-in-the-rain/main.js" type="text/javascript"></script> - - -<div id="tradingInRainModal"> -For each pair listed below, live trade data will be pulled down from the -<a href="https://docs.cryptowat.ch/websocket-api/">Cryptowat.ch Websocket -API</a> and used to generate musical rain drops. The price of each trade -determines both the musical note and position of the rain drop on the screen, -while the volume of each trade determines how long the note is held and how big -the rain drop is. - -<p id="markets">Pairs to be generated, by color:<br/><br/></p> - -<button id="button" onclick="run()">Click Here to Begin</button> -<p id="progress"></p> - -<script type="text/javascript"> - fillMarketP(); - if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", autorun, false); - else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", autorun); - else window.onload = autorun; -</script> -</div> - - -<canvas id="rainCanvas" style=""></canvas> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2020-05-30-denver-protests.md b/static/src/_posts/2020-05-30-denver-protests.md deleted file mode 100644 index 710987f..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2020-05-30-denver-protests.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,161 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Denver Protests -description: >- - Craziness ---- - -# Saturday, May 30th - -We went to the May 30th protest at Civic Center Park. We were there for a few -hours during the day, leaving around 4pm. I would describe the character of the -protest as being energetic, angry, but contained. A huge crowd moved in and -around civic center, chanting and being rowdy, but clearly was being led. - -After a last hurrah at the pavilion it seemed that the organized event was -"over". We stayed a while longer, and eventually headed back home. I don't feel -that people really left the park at the same time we did; mostly everyone just -dispersed around the park and found somewhere to keep hanging out. - -Tonight there has been an 8pm curfew. The police lined up on the north side of -the park, armored and clearly ready for action. We watched all of this on the -live news stations, gritting our teeth through the comentary of their reporters. -As the police stood there, the clock counting down to 8, the protesters grew -more and more irritated. They taunted the police, and formed a line of their -own. The braver (or more dramatic) protesters walked around in the no-man's land -between them, occasionally earning themselves some teargas. - -The police began pushing forward just before 8 a little, but began pushing in -earnest just after 8, after the howling. They would advance, wait, advance, wait -again. An armada of police cars, ambulance, and fire trucks followed the line as -it advanced. - -The police did not give the protesters anywhere to go except into Capital Hill, -southeast of Civic Center Park. We watched as a huge crowd marched past the -front of our house, chanting their call and response: "What's his name?" "GEORGE -FLOYD". The feeling wasn't of violence still, just anger. Indignant at a curfew -aimed at quelling a movement, the protesters simply kept moving. The police were -never far behind. - -We sat on our front stoop with our neighbors and watched the night unfold. I -don't think a single person in our building or the buildings to the left and -right of us hadn't gone to protest today in some capacity. We came back from our -various outings and sat out front, watching the crowds and patrolling up and -down the street to keep tabs on things. - -Around 9pm the fires started. We saw them on the news, and in person. They were -generally dumpster fires, generally placed such that they were away from -buildings, clearly being done more to be annoying than to accomplish anything -specific. A very large set of fires was started a block south of us, in the -middle of the street. The fire department was there within a few minutes to put -those out, before moving on. - -From the corner of my eye, sitting back on the stoop, I noticed our neighbors -running into their backyard. We ran after them, and they told us there was a -dumpster fire in our alley. They were running with fire extinguishers, and we -ran inside to grab some of our own. By the time we got to the backyard the fire -was only smouldering, and the fire department was coming down the alley. We -scurried back into the backyard. A few minutes later I peeked my head around the -corner, into the alley, to see what happening. I was greeted by at least two -police in riot gear, guarding the dumpster as the fire department worked. They -saw me but didn't move, and I quickly retreated back to the yard. - -Talking to our neighbor later we found out she had seen a group of about 10 -people back there, and watched them jump the fence into another backyard in -order to escape the alley. She thinks they, or some subset of them, started the -fire. She looked one in the eye, she says, and didn't get the impression they -were trying to cause damage, just to make a statement. - -The fires stopped not long after that, it seems. We're pretty sure the fire -trucks were just driving up and down the main roads, looking into alleys and -stopping all fires they could find. In all this time the police didn't do much. -They would hold a line, but never chase anyone. Even now, as I write this around -midnight, people are still out, meandering around in small groups, and police -are present but not really doing anything. - -It's hard to get a good view of everything though. All we have is livestreams on -youtube to go on at this point. There's a couple intrepid amateur reporters out -there, getting into the crowds and streaming events as they happen. Right now -we're watching people moving down Lincoln towards Civic Center Park, some of -them trying to smash windows of buildings as they go. - -The violence of these protests is going to be the major story of tonight, I know -that already. That I know of there's been 3 police injured, some broken -windows, and quite a bit of graffiti. I do believe the the tactic of pushing -everyone into Cap Hill had the desired effect of reducing looting (again, as far -as I can tell so far), but at that expense of those who live here who have to -endure latent tear gas, dumpster fires, and sirens all through the night. - -Even now, at midnight, from what I can see from my porch and from these live -streams, the protesters are not violent. At worst they are guilty of a lot of -loitering. The graffiti, the smashed windows, the injured officers, all of these -things will be held up as examples of the anarchy and violence inherent to the -protesters. But I don't think that's an honest picture. The vast, vast majority -of those out right now are civily disobeying an unjust curfew, trying to keep -the energy of the movement alive. - -My thoughts about these things are complicated. When turning a corner on the -street I'm far more afraid to see the police than to see other protesters. The -fires have been annoying, and stupid, and unhelpful, but were never threatening. -The violence is stupid, though I don't shed many tears for a looted Chili's or -Papa Johns. The police have actually shown more restraint than I expected in all -of this, though funneling the protest into a residential neighborhood was an -incredibly stupid move. Could the protesters not have just stayed in the park? -Yes, the park would likely have been turned into an encampment, but it was -already heading into that direction due to Covid-19. Overall, this night didn't -need to be so hard, but Denver handled this well. - -But, it's only 1am, and the night has a long way to go. Things could still get -worse. Even now I'm watching people trying to break into the supreme court -building. Civic Center Park appears to be very populated again, and the police -are very present there again. It's possible I may eat my words. - -# Monday, June 1st - -Yesterday was quite a bit more tame than the craziness Saturday. I woke up -Sunday morning feeling antsy, and rode my bike around to see the damage. I had a -long conversation with a homeless man named Gary in Civic Center Park. He was -pissed, and had a lot to say about the "suburban kids" destroying the park he -and many others live in, causing it to be shut down and tear gassed. The -protesters saw it as a game, according to him, but it was life and death for the -homeless; three of his guys got beat up in the street, and neither police nor -protesters stopped it. - -Many people had shown up to the park early to help clean it up. Apart from the -graffiti, which was also in the process of being cleaned, it was hard to tell -anything had actually happened. Gary had some words about them as well, that -they were only there for the gram and some pats on the back, but once they left -his life would be back as it was. I could feel that, but I also appreciated that -people were cognizant that damage was being done and were willing to do -something about it. - -I rode around 16th street mall, down colfax, and back up 13th, looking to see if -anything had happened. For the most part there was no damage, save the graffiti. -A mediterranean restaurant got its windows smashed, as well as the Office Depot. -The restaurant was unfortunate, Office Depot will be ok. - -The protest yesterday was much more peaceful. The cops were nowhere to be found -when curfew hit, but did eventually show up when the protest moved down Colfax. -They had lined the streets around their precinct building there, but for the -most part the protesters just kept walking. This is when the "violence" started. -The cops moved into the street, forming a line across Colfax behind the -protesters. Police cars and vans started moving. As the protest turned back, -presumably to head back to the capitol lawn, it ran into the riot line. - -Predictably, everyone scattered. The cat-and-mouse game had begun, which meant -dumpster fires, broken windows, tear gas, and all the rest. Watching the whole -thing it was extremely clear to us, though not the news casters, unfortunately, -that if the police hadn't moved out into Colfax nothing would have ever -happened. Instead, the news casters lamented that people were bringing things -like helmets, gas masks, traffic cones, shields, etc... and so were clearly not there -"for the right reasons". - -The thing that the news casters couldn't seem to grasp was that the police -attempting to control these situations are what are catalyzing them in the first -place. These are protests _against_ the police, they cannot take place under the -terms the police choose. If the police were not here setting terms, but instead -working with the peaceful protesters (the vast, vast majority) to quell the -violence, no one would be here with helmets, gas masks, traffic cones, -shields... But instead the protesters feel they need to protect themselves in -order to be heard, and the police feel they have to exercise their power to -maintain control, and so the situation degrades. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2020-07-07-viz-3.md b/static/src/_posts/2020-07-07-viz-3.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7f5280d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2020-07-07-viz-3.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,155 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 3 -description: >- - All the pixels. -series: viz -tags: tech art ---- - -<canvas id="canvas" style="padding-bottom: 2rem;"></canvas> - -This visualization is built from the ground up. On every frame a random set of -pixels is chosen. Each chosen pixel calculates the average of its color and the -color of a random neighbor. Some random color drift is added in as well. It -replaces its own color with that calculated color. - -Choosing a neighbor is done using the "asteroid rule", ie a pixel at the very -top row is considered to be the neighbor of the pixel on the bottom row of the -same column. - -Without the asteroid rule the pixels would all eventually converge into a single -uniform color, generally a light blue, due to the colors at the edge, the reds, -being quickly averaged away. With the asteroid rule in place the canvas has no -edges, thus no position on the canvas is favored and balance can be maintained. - -<script type="text/javascript"> -let rectSize = 12; - -function randn(n) { - return Math.floor(Math.random() * n); -} - -let canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); -canvas.width = window.innerWidth - (window.innerWidth % rectSize); -canvas.height = window.innerHeight- (window.innerHeight % rectSize); -let ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); - -let w = canvas.width / rectSize; -let h = canvas.height / rectSize; - -let matrices = new Array(2); -matrices[0] = new Array(w); -matrices[1] = new Array(w); -for (let x = 0; x < w; x++) { - matrices[0][x] = new Array(h); - matrices[1][x] = new Array(h); - for (let y = 0; y < h; y++) { - let el = { - h: 360 * (x / w), - s: "100%", - l: "50%", - }; - matrices[0][x][y] = el; - matrices[1][x][y] = el; - } -} - -// draw initial canvas, from here on out only individual rectangles will be -// filled as they get updated. -for (let x = 0; x < w; x++) { - for (let y = 0; y < h; y++) { - let el = matrices[0][x][y]; - ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${el.h}, ${el.s}, ${el.l})`; - ctx.fillRect(x * rectSize, y * rectSize, rectSize, rectSize); - } -} - - -let requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -let neighbors = [ - [-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], - [-1, 0], [1, 0], - [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], -]; - -function randNeighborAsteroid(matrix, x, y) { - let neighborCoord = neighbors[randn(neighbors.length)]; - let neighborX = x+neighborCoord[0]; - let neighborY = y+neighborCoord[1]; - neighborX = (neighborX + w) % w; - neighborY = (neighborY + h) % h; - return matrix[neighborX][neighborY]; -} - -function randNeighbor(matrix, x, y) { - while (true) { - let neighborCoord = neighbors[randn(neighbors.length)]; - let neighborX = x+neighborCoord[0]; - let neighborY = y+neighborCoord[1]; - if (neighborX < 0 || neighborX >= w || neighborY < 0 || neighborY >= h) { - continue; - } - return matrix[neighborX][neighborY]; - } -} - -let drift = 10; -function genChildH(elA, elB) { - // set the two h values, h1 <= h2 - let h1 = elA.h; - let h2 = elB.h; - if (h1 > h2) { - h1 = elB.h; - h2 = elA.h; - } - - // diff must be between 0 (inclusive) and 360 (exclusive). If it's greater - // than 180 then it's not the shortest path around, that must be the other - // way around the circle. - let hChild; - let diff = h2 - h1; - if (diff > 180) { - diff = 360 - diff; - hChild = h2 + (diff / 2); - } else { - hChild = h1 + (diff / 2); - } - - hChild += (Math.random() * drift * 2) - drift; - hChild = (hChild + 360) % 360; - return hChild; -} - -let tick = 0; -function doTick() { - tick++; - let currI = tick % 2; - let curr = matrices[currI]; - let lastI = (tick - 1) % 2; - let last = matrices[lastI]; - - for (let i = 0; i < (w * h / 2); i++) { - let x = randn(w); - let y = randn(h); - if (curr[x][y].lastTick == tick) continue; - - let neighbor = randNeighborAsteroid(last, x, y); - curr[x][y].h = genChildH(curr[x][y], neighbor); - curr[x][y].lastTick = tick; - ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${curr[x][y].h}, ${curr[x][y].s}, ${curr[x][y].l})`; - ctx.fillRect(x * rectSize, y * rectSize, rectSize, rectSize); - } - - matrices[currI] = curr; - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} - -requestAnimationFrame(doTick); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2020-11-16-component-oriented-programming.md b/static/src/_posts/2020-11-16-component-oriented-programming.md deleted file mode 100644 index 64ac091..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2020-11-16-component-oriented-programming.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,353 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Component-Oriented Programming -description: >- - A concise description of. -tags: tech ---- - -[A previous post in this -blog](/2019/08/02/program-structure-and-composability.html) focused on a -framework developed to make designing component-based programs easier. In -retrospect, the proposed pattern/framework was over-engineered. This post -attempts to present the same ideas in a more distilled form, as a simple -programming pattern and without the unnecessary framework. - -## Components - -Many languages, libraries, and patterns make use of a concept called a -"component," but in each case the meaning of "component" might be slightly -different. Therefore, to begin talking about components, it is necessary to first -describe what is meant by "component" in this post. - -For the purposes of this post, the properties of components include the -following. - - 1... **Abstract**: A component is an interface consisting of one or more -methods. - - 1a... A function might be considered a single-method component -_if_ the language supports first-class functions. - - 1b... A component, being an interface, may have one or more -implementations. Generally, there will be a primary implementation, which is -used during a program's runtime, and secondary "mock" implementations, which are -only used when testing other components. - - 2... **Instantiatable**: An instance of a component, given some set of -parameters, can be instantiated as a standalone entity. More than one of the -same component can be instantiated, as needed. - - 3... **Composable**: A component may be used as a parameter of another -component's instantiation. This would make it a child component of the one being -instantiated (the parent). - - 4... **Pure**: A component may not use mutable global variables (i.e., -singletons) or impure global functions (e.g., system calls). It may only use -constants and variables/components given to it during instantiation. - - 5... **Ephemeral**: A component may have a specific method used to clean -up all resources that it's holding (e.g., network connections, file handles, -language-specific lightweight threads, etc.). - - 5a... This cleanup method should _not_ clean up any child -components given as instantiation parameters. - - 5b... This cleanup method should not return until the -component's cleanup is complete. - - 5c... A component should not be cleaned up until all its -parent components are cleaned up. - -Components are composed together to create component-oriented programs. This is -done by passing components as parameters to other components during -instantiation. The `main` procedure of the program is responsible for -instantiating and composing the components of the program. - -## Example - -It's easier to show than to tell. This section posits a simple program and then -describes how it would be implemented in a component-oriented way. The program -chooses a random number and exposes an HTTP interface that allows users to try -and guess that number. The following are requirements of the program: - -* A guess consists of a name that identifies the user performing the guess and - the number that is being guessed; - -* A score is kept for each user who has performed a guess; - -* Upon an incorrect guess, the user should be informed of whether they guessed - too high or too low, and 1 point should be deducted from their score; - -* Upon a correct guess, the program should pick a new random number against - which to check subsequent guesses, and 1000 points should be added to the - user's score; - -* The HTTP interface should have two endpoints: one for users to submit guesses, - and another that lists out user scores from highest to lowest; - -* Scores should be saved to disk so they survive program restarts. - -It seems clear that there will be two major areas of functionality for our -program: score-keeping and user interaction via HTTP. Each of these can be -encapsulated into components called `scoreboard` and `httpHandlers`, -respectively. - -`scoreboard` will need to interact with a filesystem component to save/restore -scores (because it can't use system calls directly; see property 4). It would be -wasteful for `scoreboard` to save the scores to disk on every score update, so -instead it will do so every 5 seconds. A time component will be required to -support this. - -`httpHandlers` will be choosing the random number which is being guessed, and -will therefore need a component that produces random numbers. `httpHandlers` -will also be recording score changes to `scoreboard`, so it will need access to -`scoreboard`. - -The example implementation will be written in go, which makes differentiating -HTTP handler functionality from the actual HTTP server quite easy; thus, there -will be an `httpServer` component that uses `httpHandlers`. - -Finally, a `logger` component will be used in various places to log useful -information during runtime. - -[The example implementation can be found -here.](/assets/component-oriented-design/v1/main.html) While most of it can be -skimmed, it is recommended to at least read through the `main` function to see -how components are composed together. Note that `main` is where all components -are instantiated, and that all components' take in their child components as -part of their instantiation. - -## DAG - -One way to look at a component-oriented program is as a directed acyclic graph -(DAG), where each node in the graph represents a component, and each edge -indicates that one component depends upon another component for instantiation. -For the previous program, it's quite easy to construct such a DAG just by -looking at `main`, as in the following: - -``` -net.Listener rand.Rand os.File - ^ ^ ^ - | | | - httpServer --> httpHandlers --> scoreboard --> time.Ticker - | | | - +---------------+---------------+--> log.Logger -``` - -Note that all the leaves of the DAG (i.e., nodes with no children) describe the -points where the program meets the operating system via system calls. The leaves -are, in essence, the program's interface with the outside world. - -While it's not necessary to actually draw out the DAG for every program one -writes, it can be helpful to at least think about the program's structure in -these terms. - -## Benefits - -Looking at the previous example implementation, one would be forgiven for having -the immediate reaction of "This seems like a lot of extra work for little gain. -Why can't I just make the system calls where I need to, and not bother with -wrapping them in interfaces and all these other rules?" - -The following sections will answer that concern by showing the benefits gained -by following a component-oriented pattern. - -### Testing - -Testing is important, that much is being assumed. - -A distinction to be made with testing is between unit and non-unit tests. Unit -tests are those for which there are no requirements for the environment outside -the test, such as the existence of global variables, running databases, -filesystems, or network services. Unit tests do not interact with the world -outside the testing procedure, but instead use mocks in place of the -functionality that would be expected by that world. - -Unit tests are important because they are faster to run and more consistent than -non-unit tests. Unit tests also force the programmer to consider different -possible states of a component's dependencies during the mocking process. - -Unit tests are often not employed by programmers, because they are difficult to -implement for code that does not expose any way to swap out dependencies for -mocks of those dependencies. The primary culprit of this difficulty is the -direct usage of singletons and impure global functions. For component-oriented -programs, all components inherently allow for the swapping out of any -dependencies via their instantiation parameters, so there's no extra effort -needed to support unit tests. - -[Tests for the example implementation can be found -here.](/assets/component-oriented-design/v1/main_test.html) Note that all -dependencies of each component being tested are mocked/stubbed next to them. - -### Configuration - -Practically all programs require some level of runtime configuration. This may -take the form of command-line arguments, environment variables, configuration -files, etc. - -For a component-oriented program, all components are instantiated in the same -place, `main`, so it's very easy to expose any arbitrary parameter to the user -via configuration. For any component that is affected by a configurable -parameter, that component merely needs to take an instantiation parameter for -that configurable parameter; `main` can connect the two together. This accounts -for the unit testing of a component with different configurations, while still -allowing for the configuration of any arbitrary internal functionality. - -For more complex configuration systems, it is also possible to implement a -`configuration` component that wraps whatever configuration-related -functionality is needed, which other components use as a sub-component. The -effect is the same. - -To demonstrate how configuration works in a component-oriented program, the -example program's requirements will be augmented to include the following: - -* The point change values for both correct and incorrect guesses (currently - hardcoded at 1000 and 1, respectively) should be configurable on the - command-line; - -* The save file's path, HTTP listen address, and save interval should all be - configurable on the command-line. - -[The new implementation, with newly configurable parameters, can be found -here.](/assets/component-oriented-design/v2/main.html) Most of the program has -remained the same, and all unit tests from before remain valid. The primary -difference is that `scoreboard` takes in two new parameters for the point change -values, and configuration is set up inside `main` using the `flags` package. - -### Setup/Runtime/Cleanup - -A program can be split into three stages: setup, runtime, and cleanup. Setup is -the stage during which the internal state is assembled to make runtime possible. -Runtime is the stage during which a program's actual function is being -performed. Cleanup is the stage during which the runtime stops and internal -state is disassembled. - -A graceful (i.e., reliably correct) setup is quite natural to accomplish for -most. On the other hand, a graceful cleanup is, unfortunately, not a programmer's -first concern (if it is a concern at all). - -When building reliable and correct programs, a graceful cleanup is as important -as a graceful setup and runtime. A program is still running while it is being -cleaned up, and it's possibly still acting on the outside world. Shouldn't -it behave correctly during that time? - -Achieving a graceful setup and cleanup with components is quite simple. - -During setup, a single-threaded procedure (`main`) first constructs the leaf -components, then the components that take those leaves as parameters, then the -components that take _those_ as parameters, and so on, until the component DAG -is fully constructed. - -At this point, the program's runtime has begun. - -Once the runtime is over, signified by a process signal or some other mechanism, -it's only necessary to call each component's cleanup method (if any; see -property 5) in the reverse of the order in which the components were -instantiated. This order is inherently deterministic, as the components were -instantiated by a single-threaded procedure. - -Inherent to this pattern is the fact that each component will certainly be -cleaned up before any of its child components, as its child components must have -been instantiated first, and a component will not clean up child components -given as parameters (properties 5a and 5c). Therefore, the pattern avoids -use-after-cleanup situations. - -To demonstrate a graceful cleanup in a component-oriented program, the example -program's requirements will be augmented to include the following: - -* The program will terminate itself upon an interrupt signal; - -* During termination (cleanup), the program will save the latest set of scores - to disk one final time. - -[The new implementation that accounts for these new requirements can be found -here.](/assets/component-oriented-design/v3/main.html) For this example, go's -`defer` feature could have been used instead, which would have been even -cleaner, but was omitted for the sake of those using other languages. - - -## Conclusion - -The component pattern helps make programs more reliable with only a small amount -of extra effort incurred. In fact, most of the pattern has to do with -establishing sensible abstractions around global functionality and remembering -certain idioms for how those abstractions should be composed together, something -most of us already do to some extent anyway. - -While beneficial in many ways, component-oriented programming is merely a tool -that can be applied in many cases. It is certain that there are cases where it -is not the right tool for the job, so apply it deliberately and intelligently. - -## Criticisms/Questions - -In lieu of a FAQ, I will attempt to premeditate questions and criticisms of the -component-oriented programming pattern laid out in this post. - -**This seems like a lot of extra work.** - -Building reliable programs is a lot of work, just as building a -reliable _anything_ is a lot of work. Many of us work in an industry that likes -to balance reliability (sometimes referred to by the more specious "quality") -with malleability and deliverability, which naturally leads to skepticism of any -suggestions requiring more time spent on reliability. This is not necessarily a -bad thing, it's just how the industry functions. - -All that said, a pattern need not be followed perfectly to be worthwhile, and -the amount of extra work incurred by it can be decided based on practical -considerations. I merely maintain that code which is (mostly) component-oriented -is easier to maintain in the long run, even if it might be harder to get off the -ground initially. - -**My language makes this difficult.** - -I don't know of any language which makes this pattern particularly easier than -others, so, unfortunately, we're all in the same boat to some extent (though I -recognize that some languages, or their ecosystems, make it more difficult than -others). It seems to me that this pattern shouldn't be unbearably difficult for -anyone to implement in any language either, however, as the only language -feature required is abstract typing. - -It would be nice to one day see a language that explicitly supports this -pattern by baking the component properties in as compiler-checked rules. - -**My `main` is too big** - -There's no law saying all component construction needs to happen in `main`, -that's just the most sensible place for it. If there are large sections of your -program that are independent of each other, then they could each have their own -construction functions that `main` then calls. - -Other questions that are worth asking include: Can my program be split up -into multiple programs? Can the responsibilities of any of my components be -refactored to reduce the overall complexity of the component DAG? Can the -instantiation of any components be moved within their parent's -instantiation function? - -(This last suggestion may seem to be disallowed, but is fine as long as the -parent's instantiation function remains pure.) - -**Won't this will result in over-abstraction?** - -Abstraction is a necessary tool in a programmer's toolkit, there is simply no -way around it. The only questions are "how much?" and "where?" - -The use of this pattern does not affect how those questions are answered, in my -opinion, but instead aims to more clearly delineate the relationships and -interactions between the different abstracted types once they've been -established using other methods. Over-abstraction is possible and avoidable -regardless of which language, pattern, or framework is being used. - -**Does CoP conflict with object-oriented or functional programming?** - -I don't think so. OoP languages will have abstract types as part of their core -feature-set; most difficulties are going to be with deliberately _not_ using -other features of an OoP language, and with imported libraries in the language -perhaps making life inconvenient by not following CoP (specifically regarding -cleanup and the use of singletons). - -For functional programming, it may well be that, depending on the language, CoP -is technically being used, as functional languages are already generally -antagonistic toward globals and impure functions, which is most of the battle. -If anything, the transition from functional to component-oriented programming -will generally be an organizational task. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-01-new-year-new-resolution.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-01-01-new-year-new-resolution.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8e9edc7..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-01-new-year-new-resolution.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - New Year, New Resolution -description: >- - This blog is about to get some action. ---- - -At this point I'm fairly well known amongst friends and family for my new year's -resolutions, to the point that earlier this month a friend of mine asked me -"What's it going to be this year?". In the past I've done things like no -chocoloate, no fast food, no added sugar (see a theme?), and no social media. -They've all been of the "I won't do this" sort, because it's a lot easier to -stop doing something than to start doing something new. Doing something new -inherently means _also_ not doing something else; there's only so many hours in -the day, afterall. - -## This Year - -This year I'm going to shake things up, I'm going to do something new. My -resolution is to have published 52 posts on this blog by Jan 1, 2022, 00:00 UTC. -Only one post per day can count towards the 52. A post must be "substantial" to -count towards the 52. A non-substantial post would be something like the 100 -word essay about my weekend that I wrote in first grade, which went something -like "My weekend was really really really ('really' 96 more times) really really -boring". - -Other than that, it's pretty open-ended. - -## Why - -My hope is that I'll get more efficient at writing these things. Usually I take -a lot of time to craft a post, weeks in some cases. I really appreciate those of -you that have taken the time to read them, but to be frank the time commitment -just isn't worth it. With practice I can hopefully learn what exactly I have to -say that others are interested in, and then go back to spending a lot of time -crafting the things being said. - -Another part of this is going to be learning how to market myself properly, -something I've always been reticent to do. Our world is filled with people -shouting into the void of the internet, each with their own reasons for wanting -to be heard. Does it need another? Probably not. But here I am. I guess what I'm -really going to be doing is learning _why_ I want to do this; I know I want to -have others read what I write, but is it possible that that desire isn't -entirely selfish? Is it ok if it is? - -Once I'm comfortable with why I'm doing this it will, hopefully, be easier to -figure out a marketing avenue I feel comfortable with putting a lot of energy -towards. There must be at least _one_... - -So consider this #1, world. Only 51 to go. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-09-ginger.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-01-09-ginger.md deleted file mode 100644 index fde8868..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-09-ginger.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,354 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ginger -description: >- - Yes, it does exist. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -This post is about a programming language that's been bouncing around in my head -for a _long_ time. I've tried to actually implement the language three or more -times now, but everytime I get stuck or run out of steam. It doesn't help that -everytime I try again the form of the language changes significantly. But all -throughout the name of the language has always been "Ginger". It's a good name. - -In the last few years the form of the language has somewhat solidified in my -head, so in lieu of actually working on it I'm going to talk about what it -currently looks like. - -## Abstract Syntax Lists - -_In the beginning_ there was assembly. Well, really in the beginning there were -punchcards, and probably something even more esoteric before that, but it was -all effectively the same thing: a list of commands the computer would execute -sequentially, with the ability to jump to odd places in the sequence depending -on conditions at runtime. For the purpose of this post, we'll call this class of -languages "abstract syntax list" (ASL) languages. - -Here's a hello world program in my favorite ASL language, brainfuck: - -``` -++++++++[>++++[>++>+++>+++>+<<<<-]>+>+>->>+[<]<-]>>.>---.+++++++..+++.>>.<-.<.++ -+.------.--------.>>+.>++. -``` - -(If you've never seen brainfuck, it's deliberately unintelligible. But it _is_ -an ASL, each character representing a single command, executed by the brainfuck -runtime from left to right.) - -ASLs did the job at the time, but luckily we've mostly moved on past them. - -## Abstract Syntax Trees - -Eventually programmers upgraded to C-like languages. Rather than a sequence of -commands, these languages were syntactically represented by an "abstract syntax -tree" (AST). Rather than executing commands in essentially the same order they -are written, an AST language compiler reads the syntax into a tree of syntax -nodes. What it then does with the tree is language dependent. - -Here's a program which outputs all numbers from 0 to 9 to stdout, written in -(slightly non-idiomatic) Go: - -```go -i := 0 -for { - if i == 10 { - break - } - fmt.Println(i) - i++ -} -``` - -When the Go compiler sees this, it's going to first parse the syntax into an -AST. The AST might look something like this: - -``` -(root) - |-(:=) - | |-(i) - | |-(0) - | - |-(for) - |-(if) - | |-(==) - | | |-(i) - | | |-(10) - | | - | |-(break) - | - |-(fmt.Println) - | |-(i) - | - |-(++) - |-(i) -``` - -Each of the non-leaf nodes in the tree represents an operation, and the children -of the node represent the arguments to that operation, if any. From here the -compiler traverses the tree depth-first in order to turn each operation it finds -into the appropriate machine code. - -There's a sub-class of AST languages called the LISP ("LISt Processor") -languages. In a LISP language the AST is represented using lists of elements, -where the first element in each list denotes the operation and the rest of the -elements in the list (if any) represent the arguments. Traditionally each list -is represented using parenthesis. For example `(+ 1 1)` represents adding 1 and -1 together. - -As a more complex example, here's how to print numbers 0 through 9 to stdout -using my favorite (and, honestly, only) LISP, Clojure: - -```clj -(doseq - [n (range 10)] - (println n)) -``` - -Much smaller, but the idea is there. In LISPs there is no differentiation -between the syntax, the AST, and the language's data structures; they are all -one and the same. For this reason LISPs generally have very powerful macro -support, wherein one uses code written in the language to transform code written -in that same language. With macros users can extend a language's functionality -to support nearly anything they need to, but because macro generation happens -_before_ compilation they can still reap the benefits of compiler optimizations. - -### AST Pitfalls - -The ASL (assembly) is essentially just a thin layer of human readability on top -of raw CPU instructions. It does nothing in the way of representing code in the -way that humans actually think about it (relationships of types, flow of data, -encapsulation of behavior). The AST is a step towards expressing code in human -terms, but it isn't quite there in my opinion. Let me show why by revisiting the -Go example above: - -```go -i := 0 -for { - if i > 9 { - break - } - fmt.Println(i) - i++ -} -``` - -When I understand this code I don't understand it in terms of its syntax. I -understand it in terms of what it _does_. And what it does is this: - -* with a number starting at 0, start a loop. -* if the number is greater than 9, stop the loop. -* otherwise, print the number. -* add one to the number. -* go to start of loop. - -This behavior could be further abstracted into the original problem statement, -"it prints numbers 0 through 9 to stdout", but that's too general, as there -are different ways for that to be accomplished. The Clojure example first -defines a list of numbers 0 through 9 and then iterates over that, rather than -looping over a single number. These differences are important when understanding -what code is doing. - -So what's the problem? My problem with ASTs is that the syntax I've written down -does _not_ reflect the structure of the code or the flow of data which is in my -head. In the AST representation if you want to follow the flow of data (a single -number) you _have_ to understand the semantic meaning of `i` and `:=`; the AST -structure itself does not convey how data is being moved or modified. -Essentially, there's an extra implicit transformation that must be done to -understand the code in human terms. - -## Ginger: An Abstract Syntax Graph Language - -In my view the next step is towards using graphs rather than trees for -representing our code. A graph has the benefit of being able to reference -"backwards" into itself, where a tree cannot, and so can represent the flow of -data much more directly. - -I would like Ginger to be an ASG language where the language is the graph, -similar to a LISP. But what does this look like exactly? Well, I have a good -idea about what the graph _structure_ will be like and how it will function, but -the syntax is something I haven't bothered much with yet. Representing graph -structures in a text file is a problem to be tackled all on its own. For this -post we'll use a made-up, overly verbose, and probably non-usable syntax, but -hopefully it will convey the graph structure well enough. - -### Nodes, Edges, and Tuples - -All graphs have nodes, where each node contains a value. A single unique value -can only have a single node in a graph. Nodes are connected by edges, where -edges have a direction and can contain a value themselves. - -In the context of Ginger, a node represents a value as expected, and the value -on an edge represents an operation to take on that value. For example: - -``` -5 -incr-> n -``` - -`5` and `n` are both nodes in the graph, with an edge going from `5` to `n` that -has the value `incr`. When it comes time to interpret the graph we say that the -value of `n` can be calculated by giving `5` as the input to the operation -`incr` (increment). In other words, the value of `n` is `6`. - -What about operations which have more than one input value? For this Ginger -introduces the tuple to its graph type. A tuple is like a node, except that it's -anonymous, which allows more than one to exist within the same graph, as they do -not share the same value. For the purposes of this blog post we'll represent -tuples like this: - -``` -1 -> } -add-> t -2 -> } -``` - -`t`'s value is the result of passing a tuple of two values, `1` and `2`, as -inputs to the operation `add`. In other words, the value of `t` is `3`. - -For the syntax being described in this post we allow that a single contiguous -graph can be represented as multiple related sections. This can be done because -each node's value is unique, so when the same value is used in disparate -sections we can merge the two sections on that value. For example, the following -two graphs are exactly equivalent (note the parenthesis wrapping the graph which -has been split): - -``` -1 -> } -add-> t -incr-> tt -2 -> } -``` - -``` -( - 1 -> } -add-> t - 2 -> } - - t -incr-> tt -) -``` - -(`tt` is `4` in both cases.) - -A tuple with only one input edge, a 1-tuple, is a no-op, semantically, but can -be useful structurally to chain multiple operations together without defining -new value names. In the above example the `t` value can be eliminated using a -1-tuple. - -``` -1 -> } -add-> } -incr-> tt -2 -> } -``` - -When an integer is used as an operation on a tuple value then the effect is to -output the value in the tuple at that index. For example: - -``` -1 -> } -0-> } -incr-> t -2 -> } -``` - -(`t` is `2`.) - -### Operations - -When a value sits on an edge it is used as an operation on the input of that -edge. Some operations will no doubt be builtin, like `add`, but users should be -able to define their own operations. This can be done using the `in` and `out` -special values. When a graph is used as an operation it is scanned for both `in` -and `out` values. `in` is set to the input value of the operation, and the value -of `out` is used as the output of the operation. - -Here we will define the `incr` operation and then use it. Note that we set the -`incr` value to be an entire sub-graph which represents the operation's body. - -``` -( in -> } -add-> out - 1 -> } ) -> incr - -5 -incr-> n -``` - -(`n` is `6`.) - -The output of an operation may itself be a tuple. Here's an implementation and -usage of `double-incr`, which increments two values at once. - -``` -( in -0-> } -incr-> } -> out - } - in -1-> } -incr-> } ) -> double-incr - -1 -> } -double-incr-> t -add-> tt -2 -> } -``` - -(`t` is a 2-tuple with values `2`, and `3`, `tt` is `5.) - -### Conditionals - -The conditional is a bit weird, and I'm not totally settled on it yet. For now -we'll use this. The `if` operation expects as an input a 2-tuple whose first -value is a boolean and whose second value will be passed along. The `if` -operation is special in that it has _two_ output edges. The first will be taken -if the boolean is true, the second if the boolean is false. The second value in -the input tuple, the one to be passed along, is used as the input to whichever -branch is taken. - -Here is an implementation and usage of `max`, which takes two numbers and -outputs the greater of the two. Note that the `if` operation has two output -edges, but our syntax doesn't represent that very cleanly. - -``` -( in -gt-> } -if-> } -0-> out - in -> } -> } -1-> out ) -> max - -1 -> } -max-> t -2 -> } -``` - -(`t` is `2`.) - -It would be simple enough to create a `switch` macro on top of `if`, to allow -for multiple conditionals to be tested at once. - -### Loops - -Loops are tricky, and I have two thoughts about how they might be accomplished. -One is to literally draw an edge from the right end of the graph back to the -left, at the point where the loop should occur, as that's conceptually what's -happening. But representing that in a text file is difficult. For now I'll -introduce the special `recur` value, and leave this whole section as TBD. - -`recur` is cousin of `in` and `out`, in that it's a special value and not an -operation. It takes whatever value it's set to and calls the current operation -with that as input. As an example, here is our now classic 0 through 9 printer -(assume `println` outputs whatever it was input): - -``` -// incr-1 is an operation which takes a 2-tuple and returns the same 2-tuple -// with the first element incremented. -( in -0-> } -incr-> } -> out - in -1-> } ) -> incr-1 - -( in -eq-> } -if-> out - in -> } -> } -0-> } -println-> } -incr-1-> } -> recur ) -> print-range - -0 -> } -print-range-> } -10 -> } -``` - -## Next Steps - -This post is long enough, and I think gives at least a basic idea of what I'm -going for. The syntax presented here is _extremely_ rudimentary, and is almost -definitely not what any final version of the syntax would look like. But the -general idea behind the structure is sound, I think. - -I have a lot of further ideas for Ginger I haven't presented here. Hopefully as -time goes on and I work on the language more some of those ideas can start -taking a more concrete shape and I can write about them. - -The next thing I need to do for Ginger is to implement (again) the graph type -for it, since the last one I implemented didn't include tuples. Maybe I can -extend it instead of re-writing it. After that it will be time to really buckle -down and figure out a syntax. Once a syntax is established then it's time to -start on the compiler! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-14-the-web.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-01-14-the-web.md deleted file mode 100644 index cae564a..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-14-the-web.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,241 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - The Web -description: >- - What is it good for? -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -With the recent crisis in the US's democratic process, there's been much abuzz -in the world about social media's undoubted role in the whole debacle. The -extent to which the algorithms of Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, TikTok, etc, have -played a role in the radicalization of large segments of the world's population -is one popular topic. Another is the tactics those same companies are now -employing to try and euthanize the monster they made so much ad money in -creating. - -I don't want to talk about any of that; there is more to the web than -social media. I want to talk about what the web could be, and to do that I want -to first talk about what it has been. - -## Web 1.0 - -In the 1950's computers were generally owned by large organizations like -companies, universities, and governments. They were used to compute and manage -large amounts of data, and each existed independently of the other. - -In the 60's protocols began to be developed which would allow them to -communicate over large distances, and thereby share resources (both -computational and informational). - -The funding of ARPANET by the US DoD led to the initial versions of the TCP/IP -protocol in the 70's, still used today as the backbone of virtually all internet -communication. Email also came about from ARPANET around this time. - -The 80s saw the growth of the internet across the world, as ARPANET gave way to -NSFNET. It was during this time that the domain name system we use today was -developed. At this point the internet use was still mostly for large -non-commercial organizations; there was little commercial footprint, and little -private access. The first commercially available ISP, which allowed access to -the internet from private homes via dialup, wasn't launched until 1989. - -And so we find ourselves in the year 1989, when Tim Berners-Lee (TBL) first -proposed the World-Wide Web (WWW, or "the web"). You can find the original -proposal, which is surprisingly short and non-technical, -[here](https://www.w3.org/Proposal.html). - -From reading TBL's proposal it's clear that what he was after was some mechanism -for hosting information on his machine in such a way that others could find and -view it, without it needing to be explicitly sent to them. He includes the -following under the "Applications" header: - -> The application of a universal hypertext system, once in place, will cover -> many areas such as document registration, on-line help, project documentation, -> news schemes and so on. - -But out of such a humble scope grew one of the most powerful forces of the 21st -century. By the end of 1990 TBL had written the first HTML/HTTP browser and -server. By the end of 1994 sites like IMDB, Yahoo, and Bianca's Smut Shack were -live and being accessed by consumers. The web grew that fast. - -In my view the characteristic of the web which catalyzed its adoption so quickly -was the place-ness of it. The web is not just a protocol for transferring -information, like email, but instead is a _place_ where that information lives. -Any one place could be freely linked to any other place, and so complex and -interesting relations could be formed between people and ideas. The -contributions people make on the web can reverberate farther than they would or -could in any other medium precisely because those contributions aren't tied to -some one-off event or a deteriorating piece of physical infrastructure, but are -instead given a home which is both permanent and everywhere. - -The other advantage of the web, at the time, was its simplicity. HTML was so -simple it was basically human-readable. A basic HTTP server could be implemented -as a hobby project by anyone in any language. Hosting your own website was a -relatively straightforward task which anyone with a computer and an ISP could -undertake. - -This was the environment early adopters of the web found themselves in. - -## Web 2.0 - -The infamous dot-com boom took place in 2001. I don't believe this was a failure -inherent in the principles of the web itself, but instead was a product of -people investing in a technology they didn't fully understand. The web, as it -was then, wasn't really designed with money-making in mind. It certainly allowed -for it, but that wasn't the use-case being addressed. - -But of course, in this world we live in, if there's money to be made, it will -certainly be made. - -By 2003 the phrase "Web 2.0" started popping up. I remember this. To me "Web -2.0" meant a new aesthetic on the web, complete with bubble buttons and centered -fix-width paragraph boxes. But what "Web 2.0" actually signified wasn't related -to any new technology or aesthetic. It was a new strategy for how companies -could enable use of the web by non-expert users, i.e. users who don't have the -inclination or means to host their own website. Web 2.0 was a strategy for -giving everyone a _place_ of their own on the web. - -"Web 2.0" was merely a label given to a movement which had already been in -motion for years. I think the following Wikipedia excerpt describes this period -best: - - -> In 2004, the term ["Web 2.0"] began its rise in popularity when O'Reilly Media -and MediaLive hosted the first Web 2.0 conference. In their opening remarks, -John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the "Web as -Platform", where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon -the desktop. The unique aspect of this migration, they argued, is that -"customers are building your business for you". They argued that the -activities of users generating content (in the form of ideas, text, videos, or -pictures) could be "harnessed" to create value. - - -In other words, Web 2.0 turned the place-ness of the web into a commodity. -Rather than expect everyone to host, or arrange for the hosting, of their own -corner of the web, the technologists would do it for them for "free"! This -coincided with the increasing complexity of the underlying technology of the -web; websites grew to be flashy, interactive, and stateful applications which -_did_ things rather than be places which _held_ things. The idea of a hyperlink, -upon which the success of the web had been founded, became merely an -implementation detail. - -And so the walled gardens began to be built. Myspace was founded in 2003, -Facebook opened to the public in 2006, Digg (the precursor to reddit) was -launched in 2004, Flickr launched in 2004 (and was bought by Yahoo in 2005), -Google bought Blogger in 2003, and Twitter launched in 2006. In effect this -period both opened the web up to everyone and established the way we still use -it today. - -It's upon these foundations that current events unfold. We have platforms whose -only incentive is towards capturing new users and holding their attention, to -the exclusion of other platforms, so they can be advertised to. Users are -enticed in because they are being offered a place on the web, a place of their -own to express themselves from, in order to find out the worth of their -expressions to the rest of the world. But they aren't expressing to the world at -large, they are expressing to a social media platform, a business, and so only -the most lucrative of voices are heard. - -So much for not wanting to talk about social media. - -## Web 3.0 - -The new hot topic in crypto and hacker circles is "Web 3.0", or the -decentralized web (dweb). The idea is that we can have all the good of the -current web (the accessibility, utility, permanency, etc) without all the bad -(the centralized platforms, censorship, advertising, etc). The way forward to -this utopian dream is by building decentralized applications (dApps). - -dApps are constructed in a way where all the users of an application help to -host all the stateful content of that application. If I, as a user, post an -image to a dApp, the idea is that other users of that same dApp would lend their -meager computer resources to ensure my image is never forgotten, and in turn I -would lend mine for theirs. - -In practice building successful dApps is enormously difficult for many reasons, -and really I'm not sure there _are_ any successful ones (to date). While I -support the general sentiment behind them, I sometimes wonder about the -efficacy. What people want from the web is a place they can call their own, a -place from which they can express themselves and share their contributions with -others with all the speed and pervasiveness that the internet offers. A dApp is -just another walled garden with specific capabilities; it offers only free -hosting, not free expression. - -## Web 2.0b - -I'm not here solely to complain (just mostly). - -Thinking back to Web 1.0, and specifically to the turning point between 1.0 and -2.0, I'd like to propose that maybe we made a wrong turn. The issue at hand was -that hosting one's own site was still too much of a technical burden, and the -direction we went was towards having businesses host them for us. Perhaps there -was another way. - -What are the specific difficulties with hosting one's own site? Here are the -ones I can think of: - -* Bad tooling: basically none of the tools you're required to use (web server, - TLS, DNS, your home router) are designed for the average person. - -* Aggregiously complex languages: making a site which looks half decent and can - do the things you want requires a _lot_ of knowledge about the underlying - languages (CSS, HTML, Javascript, and whatever your server is written in). - -* Single point-of-failure: if your machine is off, your site is down. - -* Security: it's important to stay ahead of the hackers, but it takes time to - do so. - -* Hostile environment: this is separate from security, and includes difficulties - like dynamic home IPs and bad ISP policies (such as asymetric upload/download - speeds). - -These are each separate avenues of attack. - -Bad tooling is a result of the fact that devs generally build technology for -themselves or their fellow devs, and only build for others when they're being -paid to do it. This is merely an attitude problem. - -Complex languages are really a sub-category of bad tooling. The concesus seems -to be that the average person isn't interested or capable of working in -HTML/CSS/JS. This may be true today, but it wasn't always. Most of my friends in -middle and high school were well within their interest and capability to create -the most heinous MySpace pages the world has ever seen, using nothing but CSS -generators and scraps of shitty JS they found lying around. So what changed? The -tools we use to build those pages did. - -A hostile environment is not something any individual can do anything about, but -in the capitalist system we exist in we can at least hold in faith the idea that -eventually us customers will get what we want. It may take a long time, but all -monopolies break eventually, and someone will eventually sell us the internet -access we're asking for. If all other pieces are in place I think we'll have -enough people asking to make a difference. - -For single point-of-failure we have to grant that more than one person will be -involved, since the vast majority of people aren't going to be able to keep one -machine online consistently, let alone two or more machines. But I think we all -know at least one person who could keep a machine online with some reliability, -and they probably know a couple of other people who could do so as well. What -I'm proposing is that, rather than building tools for global decentralization, -we need tools for local decentralization, aka federation. We can make it -possible for a group of people to have their presence managed by a subset of -themselves. Those with the ability could help to host the online presence of -their family, friends, churches, etc, if given the right tools. - -Security is the hard one, but also in many ways isn't. What most people want -from the web is a place from which to express themselves. Expression doesn't -take much more than a static page, usually, and there's not much attacking one -can do against a static page. Additionally, we've already established that -there's going to be at least a _couple_ of technically minded people involved in -hosting this thing. - -So that's my idea that I'd like to build towards. First among these ideas is -that we need tools which can help people help each other host their content, and -on top of that foundation a new web can be built which values honest expression -rather than the lucrative madness which our current algorithms love so much. - -This project was already somewhat started by -[Cryptorado](https://github.com/Cryptorado-Community/Cryptorado-Node) while I -was a regular attendee, but since COVID started my attendance has fallen off. -Hopefully one day it can resume. In the meantime I'm going to be working on -setting up these tools for myself, and see how far I can get. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-23-goodbye-github-pages.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-01-23-goodbye-github-pages.md deleted file mode 100644 index e85ca81..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-23-goodbye-github-pages.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,247 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Goodbye, Github Pages -description: >- - This blog is no longer sponsored by Microsoft! -tags: tech -series: selfhost ---- - -Slowly but surely I'm working on moving my digital life back to being -self-hosted, and this blog was an easy low-hanging fruit to tackle. Previously -the blog was hosted on Github Pages, which was easy enough but also in many ways -restricting. By self-hosting I'm able to have a lot more control over the -generation, delivery, and functionality of the blog. - -For reference you can find the source code for the blog at -[{{site.repository}}]({{site.repository}}). Yes, it will one day be hosted -elsewhere as well. - -## Nix - -Nix is something I'm slowly picking up, but the more I use it the more it grows -on me. Rather than littering my system with ruby versions and packages I'll -never otherwise use, nix allows me to create a sandboxed build pipeline for the -blog with perfectly reproducible results. - -The first step in this process is to take the blog's existing `Gemfile.lock` and -turn it into a `gemset.nix` file, which is essentially a translation of the -`Gemfile.lock` into a file nix can understand. There's a tool called -[bundix][bundix] which does this, and it can be used from a nix shell without -having to actually install anything: - -``` - nix-shell -p bundix --run 'bundix' -``` - -The second step of using nix is to set up a nix expression in the file -`default.nix`. This will actually build the static files. As a bonus I made my -expression to also allow for serving the site locally with dynamic updating -everytime I change a source file. My `default.nix` looks like this: - -``` -{ - # pkgs refers to all "builtin" nix pkgs and utilities. By importing from a - # URL I'm able to always pin this default.nix to a specific version of those - # packages. - pkgs ? import (fetchTarball "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/cd63096d6d887d689543a0b97743d28995bc9bc3.tar.gz") {}, - system ? builtins.currentSystem, -}: - - let - # bundlerEnv looks for a Gemfile, Gemfile.lock, and gemset.nix inside - # gemdir, and derives a package containing ruby and all desired gems. - ruby_env = pkgs.bundlerEnv { - name = "ruby_env"; - ruby = pkgs.ruby; - gemdir = ./.; - }; - in - { - # build will derive a package which contains the generated static - # files of the blog. It uses the build.sh file (provided below) to - # do this. - build = derivation { - name = "mediocre-blog"; - - # The build.sh file (source provided below) is executed in order - # to actually build the site. - builder = "${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash"; - args = [ ./build.sh ]; - - # ruby_env is provided as an input to build.sh so that it can - # use jekyll, and the src directory is provided so it can access - # the blog's source files. system is required by the derivation - # function, and stdenv provides standard utilities to build.sh. - inherit ruby_env system; - src = ./src; - stdenv = pkgs.stdenv; - }; - - # serve will derive an environment specifically tailored for being - # run in a nix-shell. The resulting shell will have ruby_env - # provided for it, and will automatically run the `jekyll serve` - # command to serve the blog locally. - serve = pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation { - name = "mediocre-blog-shell"; - - # glibcLocales is required so to fill in LC_ALL and other locale - # related environment vars. Without those jekyll's scss compiler - # fails. - # - # TODO probably get rid of the scss compiler. - buildInputs = [ ruby_env pkgs.glibcLocales ]; - - shellHook = '' - exec ${ruby_env}/bin/jekyll serve -s ./src -d ./_site -w -I -D - ''; - }; - } -``` - -(Nix is a bit tricky to learn, but I highly recommend chapters 14 and 15 of [the -nix manual][manual] for an overview of the language itself, if nothing else.) - -The `build.sh` used by the nix expression to actually generate the static files -looks like this: - -```bash -# stdenv was given a dependency to build.sh, and so build.sh can use it to -# source in utilities like mkdir, which it needs. -source $stdenv/setup -set -e - -# Set up the output directory. nix provides the $out variable which will be the -# root of the derived package's filesystem, but for simplicity later we want to -# output the site within /var/www. -d="$out/var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com" -mkdir -p "$d" - -# Perform the jekyll build command. Like stdenv the ruby_env was given as a -# dependency to build.sh, so it has to explicitly use it to have access to -# jekyll. src is another explicit dependency which was given to build.sh, and -# contains all the actual source files within the src directory of the repo. -$ruby_env/bin/jekyll build -s "$src" -d "$d" -``` - -With these pieces in place I can easily regenerate the site like so: - -``` -nix-build -A build -``` - -Once run the static files will exist within a symlink called `result` in the -project's root. Within the symlink will be a `var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com` -tree of directories, and within that will be the generated static files, all -without ever having to have installed ruby. - -The expression also allows me to serve the blog while I'm working on it. Doing -so looks like this: - -``` -nix-shell -A serve -``` - -When run I get a normal jekyll process running in my `src` directory, serving -the site in real-time on port 4000, once again all without ever installing ruby. - -As a final touch I introduced a simple `Makefile` to my repo to wrap these -commands, because even these were too much for me to remember: - -``` -result: - nix-build -A build - -install: result - nix-env -i "$$(readlink result)" - -clean: - rm result - rm -rf _site - -serve: - nix-shell -A serve - -update: - nix-shell -p bundler --run 'bundler update; bundler lock; bundix; rm -rf .bundle vendor' -``` - -We'll look at that `install` target in the next section. - -## nginx - -So now I have the means to build my site quickly, reliably, and without -cluttering up the rest of my system. Time to actually serve the files. - -My home server has a docker network which houses most of my services that I run, -including nginx. nginx's primary job is to listen on ports 80 and 443, accept -HTTP requests, and direct those requests to their appropriate service based on -their `Host` header. nginx is also great at serving static content from disk, so -I'll take advantage of that for the blog. - -The one hitch is that nginx is currently running within a docker container, -as are all my other services. Ideally I would: - -* Get rid of the nginx docker container. -* Build a nix package containing nginx, all my nginx config files, and the blog - files themselves. -* Run that directly. - -Unfortunately extracting nginx from docker is dependent on doing so for all -other services as well, or at least on running all services on the host network, -which I'm not prepared to do yet. So for now I've done something janky. - -If you look at the `Makefile` above you'll notice the `install` target. What -that target does is to install the static blog files to my nix profile, which -exists at `$HOME/.nix-profile`. nix allows any package to be installed to a -profile in this way. All packages within a profile are independent and can be -added, updated, and removed atomically. By installing the built blog package to -my profile I make it available at -`$HOME/.nix-profile/var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com`. - -So to serve those files via nginx all I need to do is add a read-only volume to -the container... - -``` --v $HOME/.nix-profile/var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com:/var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com:ro \ -``` - -...add a new virtual host to my nginx config... - -``` -server { - listen 80; - server_name blog.mediocregopher.com; - root /var/www/blog.mediocregopher.com; -} -``` - -...and finally direct the `blog` A record for `mediocregopher.com` to my home -server's IP. Cloudflare will handle TLS on port 443 for me in this case, as well -as hide my home IP, which is prudent. - -## Deploying - -So now it's time to publish this new post to the blog, what are the actual -steps? It's as easy as: - -``` -make clean install -``` - -This will remove any existing `result`, regenerate the site (with the new post) -under a new symlink, and install/update that newer package to my nix profile, -overwriting the previous package which was there. - -EDIT: apparently this isn't quite true. Because `$HOME/.nix-profile` is a -symlink docker doesn't handle the case of that symlink being updated correctly, -so I also have to do `docker restart nginx` for changes to be reflected in -nginx. - -And that's it! Nix is a cool tool that I'm still getting the hang of, but -hopefully this post might be useful to anyone else thinking of self-hosting -their site. - -[jekyll]: https://jekyllrb.com/ -[bundix]: https://github.com/nix-community/bundix -[manual]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/#chap-writing-nix-expressions diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-30-building-mobile-nebula.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-01-30-building-mobile-nebula.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0645e70..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-01-30-building-mobile-nebula.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,390 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Building Mobile Nebula -description: >- - Getting my hands dirty with Android development. -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -This post is going to be cheating a bit. I want to start working on adding DNS -resolver configuration to the [mobile nebula][mobile_nebula] app (if you don't -know nebula, [check it out][nebula], it's well worth knowing about), but I also -need to write a blog post for this week, so I'm combining the two exercises. -This post will essentially be my notes from my progress on today's task. - -(Protip: listen to [this][heilung] while following along to achieve the proper -open-source programming aesthetic.) - -The current mobile nebula app works very well, but it is lacking one major -feature: the ability to specify custom DNS resolvers. This is important because -I want to be able to access resources on my nebula network by their hostname, -not their IP. Android does everything in its power to make DNS configuration -impossible, and essentially the only way to actually accomplish this is by -specifying the DNS resolvers within the app. I go into more details about why -Android is broken [here][dns_issue]. - -## Setup - -Before I can make changes to the app I need to make sure I can correctly build -it in the first place, so that's the major task for today. The first step to -doing so is to install the project's dependencies. As described in the -[mobile_nebula][mobile_nebula] README, the dependencies are: - -- [`flutter`](https://flutter.dev/docs/get-started/install) -- [`gomobile`](https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/mobile/cmd/gomobile) -- [`android-studio`](https://developer.android.com/studio) -- [Enable NDK](https://developer.android.com/studio/projects/install-ndk) - -It should be noted that as of writing I haven't used any of these tools ever, -and have only done a small amount of android programming, probably 7 or 8 years -ago, so I'm going to have to walk the line between figuring out problems on the -fly and not having to completely learning these entire ecosystems; there's only -so many hours in a weekend, after all. - -I'm running [Archlinux][arch] so I install android-studio and flutter by -doing: - -```bash -yay -Sy android-studio flutter -``` - -And I install `gomobile`, according to its [documentation][gomobile] via: - -```bash -go get golang.org/x/mobile/cmd/gomobile -gomobile init -``` - -Now I startup android-studio and go through the setup wizard for it. I choose -standard setup because customized setup doesn't actually offer any interesting -options. Next android-studio spends approximately two lifetimes downloading -dependencies while my eyesight goes blurry because I'm drinking my coffee too -fast. - -It's annoying that I need to install these dependencies, especially -android-studio, in order to build this project. A future goal of mine is to nix -this whole thing up, and make a build pipeline where you can provide a full -nebula configuration file and it outputs a custom APK file for that specific -config; zero configuration required at runtime. This will be useful for -lazy/non-technical users who want to be part of the nebula network. - -Once android-studio starts up I'm not quite done yet: there's still the NDK -which must be enabled. The instructions given by the link in -[mobile_nebula][mobile_nebula]'s README explain doing this pretty well, but it's -important to install the specific version indicated in the mobile_nebula repo -(`21.0.6113669` at time of writing). Only another 1GB of dependency downloading -to go.... - -While waiting for the NDK to download I run `flutter doctor` to make sure -flutter is working, and it gives me some permissions errors. [This blog -post][flutter_blog] gives some tips on setting up, and after running the -following... - -```bash -sudo groupadd flutterusers -sudo gpasswd -a $USER flutterusers -sudo chown -R :flutterusers /opt/flutter -sudo chmod -R g+w /opt/flutter/ -newgrp flutterusers -``` - -... I'm able to run `flutter doctor`. It gives the following output: - -``` -[✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 1.22.6, on Linux, locale en_US.UTF-8) - -[!] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 30.0.3) - ✗ Android licenses not accepted. To resolve this, run: flutter doctor --android-licenses -[!] Android Studio - ✗ Flutter plugin not installed; this adds Flutter specific functionality. - ✗ Dart plugin not installed; this adds Dart specific functionality. -[!] Connected device - ! No devices available - -! Doctor found issues in 3 categories. -``` - -The first issue is easily solved as per the instructions given. The second is -solved by finding the plugin manager in android-studio and installing the -flutter plugin (which installs the dart plugin as a dependency, we call that a -twofer). - -After installing the plugin the doctor command still complains about not finding -the plugins, but the above mentioned blog post indicates to me that this is -expected. It's comforting to know that the problems indicated by the doctor may -or may not be real problems. - -The [blog post][flutter_blog] also indicates that I need `openjdk-8` installed, -so I do: - -```bash -yay -S jdk8-openjdk -``` - -And use the `archlinux-java` command to confirm that that is indeed the default -version for my shell. The [mobile_nebula][mobile_nebula] helpfully expects an -`env.sh` file to exist in the root, so if openjdk-8 wasn't already the default I -could make it so within that file. - -## Build - -At this point I think I'm ready to try actually building an APK. Thoughts and -prayers required. I run the following in a terminal, since for some reason the -`Build > Flutter > Build APK` dropdown button in android-studio did nothing. - -``` -flutter build apk -``` - -It takes quite a while to run, but in the end it errors with: - -``` -make: 'mobileNebula.aar' is up to date. -cp: cannot create regular file '../android/app/src/main/libs/mobileNebula.aar': No such file or directory - -FAILURE: Build failed with an exception. - -* Where: -Build file '/tmp/src/mobile_nebula/android/app/build.gradle' line: 95 - -* What went wrong: -A problem occurred evaluating project ':app'. -> Process 'command './gen-artifacts.sh'' finished with non-zero exit value 1 - -* Try: -Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace. Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output. Run with --scan to get full insights. - -* Get more help at https://help.gradle.org - -BUILD FAILED in 1s -Running Gradle task 'bundleRelease'... -Running Gradle task 'bundleRelease'... Done 1.7s -Gradle task bundleRelease failed with exit code 1 -``` - -I narrow down the problem to the `./gen-artifacts.sh` script in the repo's root, -which takes in either `android` or `ios` as an argument. Running it directly -as `./gen-artifacts.sh android` results in the same error: - -```bash -make: 'mobileNebula.aar' is up to date. -cp: cannot create regular file '../android/app/src/main/libs/mobileNebula.aar': No such file or directory -``` - -So now I gotta figure out wtf that `mobileNebula.aar` file is. The first thing I -note is that not only is that file not there, but the `libs` directory it's -supposed to be present in is also not there. So I suspect that there's a missing -build step somewhere. - -I search for the string `mobileNebula.aar` within the project using -[ag][silver_searcher] and find that it's built by `nebula/Makefile` as follows: - -```make -mobileNebula.aar: *.go - gomobile bind -trimpath -v --target=android -``` - -So that file is made by `gomobile`, good to know! Additionally the file is -actually there in the `nebula` directory, so I suspect there's just a missing -build step to move it into `android/app/src/main/libs`. Via some more `ag`-ing I -find that the code which is supposed to move the `mobileNebula.aar` file is in -the `gen-artifacts.sh` script, but that script doesn't create the `libs` folder -as it ought to. I apply the following diff: - -```bash -diff --git a/gen-artifacts.sh b/gen-artifacts.sh -index 601ed7b..4f73b4c 100755 ---- a/gen-artifacts.sh -+++ b/gen-artifacts.sh -@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ if [ "$1" = "ios" ]; then - elif [ "$1" = "android" ]; then - # Build nebula for android - make mobileNebula.aar -- rm -rf ../android/app/src/main/libs/mobileNebula.aar -+ mkdir -p ../android/app/src/main/libs - cp mobileNebula.aar ../android/app/src/main/libs/mobileNebula.aar - - else -``` - -(The `rm -rf` isn't necessary, since a) that file is about to be overwritten by -the subsequent `cp` whether or not it's there, and b) it's just deleting a -single file so the `-rf` is an unnecessary risk). - -At this point I re-run `flutter build apk` and receive a new error. Progress! - -``` -A problem occurred evaluating root project 'android'. -> A problem occurred configuring project ':app'. - > Removing unused resources requires unused code shrinking to be turned on. See http://d.android.com/r/tools/shrink-resources.html for more information. -``` - -I recall that in the original [mobile_nebula][mobile_nebula] README it mentions -to run the `flutter build` command with the `--no-shrink` option, so I try: - -```bash -flutter build apk --no-shrink -``` - -Finally we really get somewhere. The command takes a very long time to run as it -downloads yet more dependencies (mostly android SDK stuff from the looks of it), -but unfortunately still errors out: - -``` -Execution failed for task ':app:processReleaseResources'. -> Could not resolve all files for configuration ':app:releaseRuntimeClasspath'. - > Failed to transform mobileNebula-.aar (:mobileNebula:) to match attributes {artifactType=android-compiled-dependencies-resources, org.gradle.status=integration}. - > Execution failed for AarResourcesCompilerTransform: /home/mediocregopher/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/735fc805916d942f5311063c106e7363/jetified-mobileNebula. - > /home/mediocregopher/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/735fc805916d942f5311063c106e7363/jetified-mobileNebula/AndroidManifest.xml -``` - -Time for more `ag`-ing. I find the file `android/app/build.gradle`, which has -the following block: - -``` - implementation (name:'mobileNebula', ext:'aar') { - exec { - workingDir '../../' - environment("ANDROID_NDK_HOME", android.ndkDirectory) - environment("ANDROID_HOME", android.sdkDirectory) - commandLine './gen-artifacts.sh', 'android' - } - } -``` - -I never set up the `ANDROID_HOME` or `ANDROID_NDK_HOME` environment variables, -and I suppose that if I'm running the flutter command outside of android-studio -there wouldn't be a way for flutter to know those values, so I try setting them -within my `env.sh`: - -```bash -export ANDROID_HOME=~/Android/Sdk -export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=~/Android/Sdk/ndk/21.0.6113669 -``` - -Re-running the build command still results in the same error. But it occurs to -me that I probably had built the `mobileNebula.aar` without those set -previously, so maybe it was built with the wrong NDK version or something. I -tried deleting `nebula/mobileNebula.aar` and try building again. This time... -new errors! Lots of them! Big ones and small ones! - -At this point I'm a bit fed up, and want to try a completely fresh build. I back -up my modified `env.sh` and `gen-artifacts.sh` files, delete the `mobile_nebula` -repo, re-clone it, reinstall those files, and try building again. This time just -a single error: - -``` -Execution failed for task ':app:lintVitalRelease'. -> Could not resolve all artifacts for configuration ':app:debugRuntimeClasspath'. - > Failed to transform libs.jar to match attributes {artifactType=processed-jar, org.gradle.libraryelements=jar, org.gradle.usage=java-runtime}. - > Execution failed for JetifyTransform: /tmp/src/mobile_nebula/build/app/intermediates/flutter/debug/libs.jar. - > Failed to transform '/tmp/src/mobile_nebula/build/app/intermediates/flutter/debug/libs.jar' using Jetifier. Reason: FileNotFoundException, message: /tmp/src/mobile_nebula/build/app/intermediates/flutter/debug/libs.jar (No such file or directory). (Run with --stacktrace for more details.) - Please file a bug at http://issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=460323. -``` - -So that's cool, apparently there's a bug with flutter and I should file a -support ticket? Well, probably not. It seems that while -`build/app/intermediates/flutter/debug/libs.jar` indeed doesn't exist in the -repo, `build/app/intermediates/flutter/release/libs.jar` _does_, so this appears -to possibly be an issue in declaring which build environment is being used. - -After some googling I found [this flutter issue][flutter_issue] related to the -error. Tldr: gradle's not playing nicely with flutter. Downgrading could help, -but apparently building with the `--debug` flag also works. I don't want to -build a release version anyway, so this sits fine with me. I run... - -```bash -flutter build apk --no-shrink --debug -``` - -And would you look at that, I got a result! - -``` -✓ Built build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-debug.apk. -``` - -## Install - -Building was probably the hard part, but I'm not totally out of the woods yet. -Theoretically I could email this apk to my phone or something, but I'd like -something with a faster turnover time; I need `adb`. - -I install `adb` via the `android-tools` package: - -```bash -yay -S android-tools -``` - -Before `adb` will work, however, I need to turn on USB debugging on my phone, -which I do by following [this article][usb_debugging]. Once connected I confirm -that `adb` can talk to my phone by doing: - -```bash -adb devices -``` - -And then, finally, I can install the apk: - -``` -adb install build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-debug.apk -``` - -NOT SO FAST! MORE ERRORS! - -``` -adb: failed to install build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-debug.apk: Failure [INSTALL_FAILED_UPDATE_INCOMPATIBLE: Package net.defined.mobile_nebula signatures do not match previously installed version; ignoring!] -``` - -I'm guessing this is because I already have the real nebula app installed. I -uninstall it and try again. - -AND IT WORKS!!! FUCK YEAH! - -``` -Performing Streamed Install -Success -``` - -I can open the nebula app on my phone and it works... fine. There's some -pre-existing networks already installed, which isn't the case for the Play Store -version as far as I can remember, so I suspect those are only there in the -debugging build. Unfortunately the presence of these test networks causes the -app the throw a bunch of errors because it can't contact those networks. Oh well. - -The presence of those test networks, in a way, is actually a good thing, as it -means there's probably already a starting point for what I want to do: building -a per-device nebula app with a config preloaded into it. - -## Further Steps - -Beyond continuing on towards my actual goal of adding DNS resolvers to this app, -there's a couple of other paths I could potentially go down at this point. - -* As mentioned, nixify the whole thing. I'm 99% sure the android-studio GUI - isn't actually needed at all, and I only used it for installing the CMake and - NDK plugins because I didn't bother to look up how to do it on the CLI. - -* Figuring out how to do a proper release build would be great, just for my own - education. Based on the [flutter issue][flutter_issue] it's possible that all - that's needed is to downgrade gradle, but maybe that's not so easy. - -* Get an android emulator working so that I don't have to install to my phone - everytime I want to test the app out. I'm not sure if that will also work for - the VPN aspect of the app, but it will at least help me iterate on UI changes - faster. - -But at this point I'm done for the day, I'll continue on this project some other -time. - -[mobile_nebula]: https://github.com/DefinedNet/mobile_nebula -[nebula]: https://slack.engineering/introducing-nebula-the-open-source-global-overlay-network-from-slack/ -[dns_issue]: https://github.com/DefinedNet/mobile_nebula/issues/9 -[arch]: https://archlinux.org/ -[android_wiki]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Android#Making_/opt/android-sdk_group-writeable -[heilung]: https://youtu.be/SMJ7pxqk5d4?t=220 -[flutter_blog]: https://www.rockyourcode.com/how-to-get-flutter-and-android-working-on-arch-linux/ -[gomobile]: https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/mobile/cmd/gomobile -[silver_searcher]: https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher -[flutter_issue]: https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/58247 -[usb_debugging]: https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-enable-developer-optionsusb-debugging-mode-on-devices-with-android-4-2-jelly-bean/ diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-06-old-code-new-ideas.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-02-06-old-code-new-ideas.md deleted file mode 100644 index c495da0..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-06-old-code-new-ideas.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,224 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Old Code, New Ideas -description: >- - Looking back at my old code with bemusement and horror. -tags: tech ---- - -About 3 years ago I put a lot of effort into a set of golang packages called -[mediocre-go-lib][mediocre-go-lib]. The idea was to create a framework around -the ideas I had laid out in [this blog post][program-structure] around the -structure and composability of programs. What I found in using the framework was -that it was quite bulky, not fully thought out, and ultimately difficult for -anyone but me to use. So.... a typical framework then. - -My ideas about program structure haven't changed a ton since then, but my ideas -around the patterns which enable that structure have simplified dramatically -(see [my more recent post][component-oriented] for more on that). So in that -spirit I've decided to cut a `v2` branch of `mediocre-go-lib` and start trimming -the fat. - -This is going to be an exercise both in deleting old code (very fun) and -re-examining old code which I used to think was good but now know is bad (even -more fun), and I've been looking forward to it for some time. - -[mediocre-go-lib]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib -[program-structure]: {% post_url 2019-08-02-program-structure-and-composability %} -[component-oriented]: {% post_url 2020-11-16-component-oriented-programming %} - -## mcmp, mctx - -The two foundational pieces of `mediocre-go-lib` are the `mcmp` and `mctx` -packages. `mcmp` primarily deals with its [mcmp.Component][component] type, -which is a key/value store which can be used by other packages to store and -retrieve component-level information. Each `mcmp.Component` exists as a node in -a tree of `mcmp.Component`s, and these form the structure of a program. -`mcmp.Component` is able to provide information about its place in that tree as -well (i.e. its path, parents, children, etc...). - -If this sounds cumbersome and of questionable utility that's because it is. It's -also not even correct, because a component in a program exists in a DAG, not a -tree. Moreover, each component can keep track of whatever data it needs for -itself using typed fields on a struct. Pretty much all other packages in -`mediocre-go-lib` depend on `mcmp` to function, but they don't _need_ to, I just -designed it that way. - -So my plan of attack is going to be to delete `mcmp` completely, and repair all -the other packages. - -The other foundational piece of `mediocre-go-lib` is [mctx][mctx]. Where `mcmp` -dealt with arbitrary key/value storage on the component level, `mctx` deals with -it on the contextual level, where each go-routine (i.e. thread) corresponds to a -`context.Context`. The primary function of `mctx` is this one: - -```go -// Annotate takes in one or more key/value pairs (kvs' length must be even) and -// returns a Context carrying them. -func Annotate(ctx context.Context, kvs ...interface{}) context.Context -``` - -I'm inclined to keep this around for now because it will be useful for logging, -but there's one change I'd like to make to it. In its current form the value of -every key/value pair must already exist before being used to annotate the -`context.Context`, but this can be cumbersome in cases where the data you'd want -to annotate is quite hefty to generate but also not necessarily going to be -used. I'd like to have the option to make annotating occur lazily. For this I -add an `Annotator` interface and a `WithAnnotator` function which takes it as an -argument, as well as some internal refactoring to make it all work right: - -```go -// Annotations is a set of key/value pairs representing a set of annotations. It -// implements the Annotator interface along with other useful post-processing -// methods. -type Annotations map[interface{}]interface{} - -// Annotator is a type which can add annotation data to an existing set of -// annotations. The Annotate method should be expected to be called in a -// non-thread-safe manner. -type Annotator interface { - Annotate(Annotations) -} - -// WithAnnotator takes in an Annotator and returns a Context which will produce -// that Annotator's annotations when the Annotations function is called. The -// Annotator will be not be evaluated until the first call to Annotations. -func WithAnnotator(ctx context.Context, annotator Annotator) context.Context -``` - -`Annotator` is designed like it is for two reasons. The more obvious design, -where the method has no arguments and returns a map, would cause a memory -allocation on every invocation, which could be a drag for long chains of -contexts whose annotations are being evaluated frequently. The obvious design -also leaves open questions about whether the returned map can be modified by -whoever receives it. The design given here dodges these problems without any -obvious drawbacks. - -The original implementation also had this unnecessary `Annotation` type: - -```go -// Annotation describes the annotation of a key/value pair made on a Context via -// the Annotate call. -type Annotation struct { - Key, Value interface{} -} -``` - -I don't know why this was ever needed, as an `Annotation` was never passed into -nor returned from any function. It was part of the type `AnnotationSet`, but -that could easily be refactored into a `map[interface{}]interface{}` instead. So -I factored `Annotation` out completely. - -[component]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcmp#Component -[mctx]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mctx - -## mcfg, mrun - -The next package to tackle is [mcfg][mcfg], which deals with configuration via -command line arguments and environment variables. The package is set up to use -the old `mcmp.Component` type such that each component could declare its own -configuration parameters in the global configuration. In this way the -configuration would have a hierarchy of its own which matches the component -tree. - -Given that I now think `mcmp.Component` isn't the right course of action it -would be the natural step to take that aspect out of `mcfg`, leaving only a -basic command-line and environment variable parser. There are many other basic -parsers of this sort out there, including [one][flagconfig] or [two][lever] I -wrote myself, and frankly I don't think the world needs another. So `mcfg` is -going away. - -The [mrun][mrun] package is the corresponding package to `mcfg`; where `mcfg` -dealt with configuration of components `mrun` deals with the initialization and -shutdown of those same components. Like `mcfg`, `mrun` relies heavily on -`mcmp.Component`, and doesn't really have any function with that type gone. So -`mrun` is a gonner too. - -[mcfg]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mcfg -[mrun]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mrun -[flagconfig]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/flagconfig -[lever]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/lever - -## mlog - -The [mlog][mlog] package is primarily concerned with, as you might guess, -logging. While there are many useful logging packages out there none of them -integrate with `mctx`'s annotations, so it is useful to have a custom logging -package here. `mlog` also has the nice property of not being extremely coupled -to `mcmp.Component` like other packages; it's only necessary to delete a handful -of global functions which aren't a direct part of the `mlog.Logger` type in -order to free the package from that burden. - -With that said, the `mlog.Logger` type could still use some work. It's primary -pattern looks like this: - -```go -// Message describes a message to be logged. -type Message struct { - Level - Description string - Contexts []context.Context -} - -// Info logs an InfoLevel message. -func (l *Logger) Info(descr string, ctxs ...context.Context) { - l.Log(mkMsg(InfoLevel, descr, ctxs...)) -} -``` - -The idea was that if the user has multiple `Contexts` in hand, each one possibly -having some relevant annotations, all of those `Context`s' annotations could be -merged together for the log entry. - -Looking back it seems to me that the only thing `mlog` should care about is the -annotations, and not _where_ those annotations came from. So the new pattern -looks like this: - -```go -// Message describes a message to be logged. -type Message struct { - Context context.Context - Level - Description string - Annotators []Annotators -} - -// Info logs a LevelInfo message. -func (l *Logger) Info(ctx context.Context, descr string, annotators ...mctx.Annotator) -``` - -The annotations on the given `Context` will be included, and then any further -`Annotator`s can be added on. This will leave room for `merr` later. - -There's some other warts in `mlog.Logger` that should be dealt with as well, -including some extraneous methods which were only used due to `mcmp.Component`, -some poorly named types, a message handler which didn't properly clean itself -up, and making `NewLogger` take in parameters with which it can be customized as -needed (previously it only allowed for a single configuration). I've also -extended `Message` to include a timestamp, a namespace field, and some other -useful information. - -[mlog]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mlog - -## Future Work - -I've run out of time for today, but future work on this package includes: - -* Updating [merr][merr] with support for `mctx.Annotations`. -* Auditing the [mnet][mnet], [mhttp][mhttp], and [mrpc][mrpc] packages to see if - they contain anything worth keeping. -* Probably deleting the [m][m] package entirely; I don't even really remember - what it does. -* Probably deleting the [mdb][mdb] package entirely; it only makes sense in the - context of `mcmp.Component`. -* Making a difficult decision about [mtest][mtest]; I put a lot of work into it, - but is it really any better than [testify][testify]? - -[merr]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/merr -[mnet]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mnet -[mhttp]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mhttp -[mrpc]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mrpc -[m]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/m -[mdb]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mdb -[mtest]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/mediocre-go-lib/mtest -[testify]: https://github.com/stretchr/testify diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-13-building-gomobile-using-nix.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-02-13-building-gomobile-using-nix.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3326266..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-13-building-gomobile-using-nix.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,232 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Building gomobile Using Nix -description: >- - Harder than I thought it would be! -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -When I last left off with the nebula project I wanted to [nix][nix]-ify the -build process for Cryptic's [mobile_nebula][mobile_nebula] fork. While I've made -progress on the overall build, one particular bit of it really held me up, so -I'm writing about that part here. I'll finish the full build at a later time. - -## gomobile - -[gomobile][gomobile] is a toolkit for the go programming language to allow for -running go code on Android and iOS devices. `mobile_nebula` uses `gomobile` to -build a simple wrapper around the nebula client that the mobile app can then -hook into. - -This means that in order to nix-ify the entire `mobile_nebula` project I first -need to nix-ify `gomobile`, and since there isn't (at time of writing) an -existing package for `gomobile` in the nixpkgs repo, I had to roll my own. - -I started with a simple `buildGoModule` nix expression: - -``` -pkgs.buildGoModule { - pname = "gomobile"; - version = "unstable-2020-12-17"; - src = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "golang"; - repo = "mobile"; - rev = "e6ae53a27f4fd7cfa2943f2ae47b96cba8eb01c9"; - sha256 = "03dzis3xkj0abcm4k95w2zd4l9ygn0rhkj56bzxbcpwa7idqhd62"; - }; - vendorSha256 = "1n1338vqkc1n8cy94501n7jn3qbr28q9d9zxnq2b4rxsqjfc9l94"; -} -``` - -The basic idea here is that `buildGoModule` will acquire a specific revision of -the `gomobile` source code from github, then attempt to build it. However, -`gomobile` is a special beast in that it requires a number of C/C++ libraries in -order to be built. I discovered this upon running this expression, when I -received this error: - -``` -./work.h:12:10: fatal error: GLES3/gl3.h: No such file or directory - 12 | #include <GLES3/gl3.h> // install on Ubuntu with: sudo apt-get install libegl1-mesa-dev libgles2-mesa-dev libx11-dev -``` - -This stumped me for a bit, as I couldn't figure out a) the "right" place to -source the `GLES3` header file from, and b) how to properly hook that into the -`buildGoModule` expression. My initial attempts involved trying to include -versions of the header file from my `androidsdk` nix package which I had already -gotten (mostly) working, but the version which ships there appears to expect to -be using clang. `cgo` (go's compiler which is used for C/C++ interop) only -supports gcc, so that strategy failed. - -I didn't like having to import the header file from `androidsdk` anyway, as it -meant that my `gomobile` would only work within the context of the -`mobile_nebula` project, rather than being a standalone utility. - -## nix-index - -At this point I flailed around some more trying to figure out where to get this -header file from. Eventually I stumbled on the [nix-index][nix-index] project, -which implements something similar to the `locate` utility on linux: you give it -a file pattern, and it searches your active nix channels for any packages which -provide a file matching that pattern. - -Since nix is amazing it's not actually necessary to install `nix-index`, I -simply start up a shell with the package available using `nix-shell -p -nix-index`. On first run I needed to populate the index by running the -`nix-index` command, which took some time, but after that finding packages which -provide the file I need is as easy as: - -``` -> nix-shell -p nix-index -[nix-shell:/tmp]$ nix-locate GLES3/gl3.h -(zulip.out) 82,674 r /nix/store/wbfw7w2ixdp317wip77d4ji834v1k1b9-libglvnd-1.3.2-dev/include/GLES3/gl3.h -libglvnd.dev 82,674 r /nix/store/pghxzmnmxdcarg5bj3js9csz0h85g08m-libglvnd-1.3.2-dev/include/GLES3/gl3.h -emscripten.out 82,666 r /nix/store/x3c4y2h5rn1jawybk48r6glzs1jl029s-emscripten-2.0.1/share/emscripten/system/include/GLES3/gl3.h -``` - -So my mystery file is provided by a few packages, but `libglvnd.dev` stood out -to me as it's also the pacman package which provides the same file in my real -operating system: - -``` -> yay -Qo /usr/include/GLES3/gl3.h -/usr/include/GLES3/gl3.h is owned by libglvnd 1.3.2-1 -``` - -This gave me some confidence that this was the right track. - -## cgo - -My next fight was with `cgo` itself. Go's build process provides a few different -entry points for C/C++ compiler/linker flags, including both environment -variables and command-line arguments. But I wasn't using `go build` directly, -instead I was working through nix's `buildGoModule` wrapper. This added a huge -layer of confusion as all of nixpkgs is pretty terribly documented, so you -really have to just divine behavior from the [source][buildGoModule-source] -(good luck). - -After lots of debugging (hint: `NIX_DEBUG=1`) I determined that all which is -actually needed is to set the `CGO_CFLAGS` variable within the `buildGoModule` -arguments. This would translate to the `CGO_CFLAGS` environment variable being -set during all internal commands, and whatever `go build` commands get used -would pick up my compiler flags from that. - -My new nix expression looked like this: - -``` -pkgs.buildGoModule { - pname = "gomobile"; - version = "unstable-2020-12-17"; - src = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "golang"; - repo = "mobile"; - rev = "e6ae53a27f4fd7cfa2943f2ae47b96cba8eb01c9"; - sha256 = "03dzis3xkj0abcm4k95w2zd4l9ygn0rhkj56bzxbcpwa7idqhd62"; - }; - vendorSha256 = "1n1338vqkc1n8cy94501n7jn3qbr28q9d9zxnq2b4rxsqjfc9l94"; - - CGO_CFLAGS = [ - "-I ${pkgs.libglvnd.dev}/include" - ]; -} -``` - -Running this produced a new error. Progress! The new error was: - -``` -/nix/store/p792j5f44l3f0xi7ai5jllwnxqwnka88-binutils-2.31.1/bin/ld: cannot find -lGLESv2 -collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status -``` - -So pretty similar to the previous issue, but this time the linker wasn't finding -a library file rather than the compiler not finding a header file. Once again I -used `nix-index`'s `nix-locate` command to find that this library file is -provided by the `libglvnd` package (as opposed to `libglvnd.dev`, which provided -the header file). - -Adding `libglvnd` to the `CGO_CFLAGS` did not work, as it turns out that flags -for the linker `cgo` uses get passed in via `CGO_LDFLAGS` (makes sense). After -adding this new variable I got yet another error; this time `X11/Xlib.h` was not -able to be found. I repeated the process of `nix-locate`/add to `CGO_*FLAGS` a -few more times until all dependencies were accounted for. The new nix expression -looked like this: - -``` -pkgs.buildGoModule { - pname = "gomobile"; - version = "unstable-2020-12-17"; - src = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "golang"; - repo = "mobile"; - rev = "e6ae53a27f4fd7cfa2943f2ae47b96cba8eb01c9"; - sha256 = "03dzis3xkj0abcm4k95w2zd4l9ygn0rhkj56bzxbcpwa7idqhd62"; - }; - vendorSha256 = "1n1338vqkc1n8cy94501n7jn3qbr28q9d9zxnq2b4rxsqjfc9l94"; - - CGO_CFLAGS = [ - "-I ${pkgs.libglvnd.dev}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.xlibs.libX11.dev}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.xlibs.xorgproto}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.openal}/include" - ]; - - CGO_LDFLAGS = [ - "-L ${pkgs.libglvnd}/lib" - "-L ${pkgs.xlibs.libX11}/lib" - "-L ${pkgs.openal}/lib" - ]; -} -``` - -## Tests - -The `CGO_*FLAGS` variables took care of all compiler/linker errors, but there -was one issue left: `buildGoModule` apparently runs the project's tests after -the build phase. `gomobile`'s tests were actually mostly passing, but some -failed due to trying to copy files around, which nix was having none of. After -some more [buildGoModule source][buildGoModule-source] divination I found that -if I passed an empty `checkPhase` argument it would skip the check phase, and -therefore skip running these tests. - -## Fin! - -The final nix expression looks like so: - -``` -pkgs.buildGoModule { - pname = "gomobile"; - version = "unstable-2020-12-17"; - src = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "golang"; - repo = "mobile"; - rev = "e6ae53a27f4fd7cfa2943f2ae47b96cba8eb01c9"; - sha256 = "03dzis3xkj0abcm4k95w2zd4l9ygn0rhkj56bzxbcpwa7idqhd62"; - }; - vendorSha256 = "1n1338vqkc1n8cy94501n7jn3qbr28q9d9zxnq2b4rxsqjfc9l94"; - - CGO_CFLAGS = [ - "-I ${pkgs.libglvnd.dev}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.xlibs.libX11.dev}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.xlibs.xorgproto}/include" - "-I ${pkgs.openal}/include" - ]; - - CGO_LDFLAGS = [ - "-L ${pkgs.libglvnd}/lib" - "-L ${pkgs.xlibs.libX11}/lib" - "-L ${pkgs.openal}/lib" - ]; - - checkPhase = ""; -} -``` - -Once I complete the nix-ification of `mobile_nebula` I'll submit a PR to the -nixpkgs upstream with this, so that others can have `gomobile` available as -well! - -[nix]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/ -[mobile_nebula]: https://github.com/cryptic-io/mobile_nebula -[gomobile]: https://github.com/golang/mobile -[nix-index]: https://github.com/bennofs/nix-index -[buildGoModule-source]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/26117ed4b78020252e49fe75f562378063471f71/pkgs/development/go-modules/generic/default.nix diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-25-married.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-02-25-married.md deleted file mode 100644 index a44e044..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-02-25-married.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Married! -description: >- - We did it! ---- - -Just us, an aspen grove, and a photographer to witness. Between weather and -foot-traffic on the trail everything went as well as we hoped it would; it was a -wonderful day. - -{% include image.html dir="wedding" file="1.jpg" width=4005 %} - -{% include image.html dir="wedding" file="2.jpg" width=4004 %} - -{% include image.html dir="wedding" file="3.jpg" width=4005 %} - -More pictures coming soon to a website near you! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-01-conditionals-in-ginger.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-03-01-conditionals-in-ginger.md deleted file mode 100644 index a8c6e44..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-01-conditionals-in-ginger.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,195 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Conditionals in Ginger -description: >- - Some different options for how "if" statements could work. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -In the [last ginger post][last] I covered a broad overview of how I envisioned -ginger would work as a language, but there were two areas where I felt there was -some uncertainty: conditionals and loops. In this post I will be focusing on -conditionals, and going over a couple of options for how they could work. - -[last]: {% post_url 2021-01-09-ginger %} - -## Preface - -By "conditional" I'm referring to what programmers generally know as the "if" -statement; some mechanism by which code can do one thing or another based on -circumstances at runtime. Without some form of a conditional a programming -language is not Turing-complete and can't be used for anything interesting. - -Given that it's uncommon to have a loop without some kind of a conditional -inside of it (usually to exit the loop), but it's quite common to have a -conditional with no loop in sight, it makes more sense to cover conditionals -before loops. Whatever decision is reached regarding conditionals will impact -how loops work, but not necessarily the other way around. - -For the duration of this post I will be attempting to construct a simple -operation which takes two integers as arguments. If the first is less than -the second then the operation returns the addition of the two, otherwise the -operation returns the second subtracted from the first. In `go` this operation -would look like: - -```go -func op(a, b int) int { - if a < b { - return a + b - } - return b - a -} -``` - -## Pattern 1: Branches As Inputs - -The pattern I'll lay out here is simultaneously the first pattern which came to -me when trying to figure this problem out, the pattern which is most like -existing mainstream programming languages, and (in my opinion) the worst pattern -of the bunch. Here is what it looks like: - -``` - in -lt-> } -if-> out - } - in -add-> } - } -in -1-> } } -in -0-> } -sub-> } - -``` - -The idea here is that the operation `if` could take a 3-tuple whose elements -are, respectively: a boolean, and two other edges which won't be evaluated until -`if` is evaluated. If the boolean is true then `if` outputs the output of the -first edge (the second element in the tuple), and otherwise it will output the -value of the second edge. - -This idea doesn't work for a couple reasons. The biggest is that, if there were -multiple levels of `if` statements, the structure of the graph grows out -_leftward_, whereas the flow of data is rightwards. For someone reading the code -to know what `if` will produce in either case they must first backtrack through -the graph, find the origin of that branch, then track that leftward once again -to the `if`. - -The other reason this doesn't work is because it doesn't jive with any pattern -for loops I've come up with. This isn't evident from this particular example, -but consider what this would look like if either branch of the `if` needed to -loop back to a previous point in the codepath. If that's a difficult or -confusing task for you, you're not alone. - -## Pattern 2: Pattern Matching - -There's quite a few languages with pattern matching, and even one which I know -of (erlang) where pattern matching is the primary form of conditionals, and the -more common `if` statement is just some syntactic sugar on top of the pattern -matching. - -I've considered pattern matching for ginger. It might look something like: - -{% raw %} -``` - in -> } -switch-> } -> {{{A, B}, _}, ({A,B}-lt->out)} -0-> } -add-> out -in -1-> } -> } } -1-> } -sub-> out -in -0-> } -``` -{% endraw %} - -The `switch` operation posits that a node can have multiple output edges. In a -graph this is fine, but it's worth noting. Graphs tend to be implemented such -that edges to and from a node are unordered, but in ginger it seems unlikely -that that will be the case. - -The last output edge from the switch is the easiest to explain: it outputs the -input value to `switch` when no other branches are able to be taken. But the -input to `switch` is a bit complex in this example: It's a 2-tuple whose first -element is `in`, and whose second element is `in` but with reversed elements. -In the last output edge we immediately pipe into a `1` operation to retrieve -that second element and call `sub` on that, since that's the required behavior -of the example. - -All other branches (in this switch there is only one, the first branch) output -to a value. The form of this value is a tuple (denoted by enclosed curly braces -here) of two values. The first value is the pattern itself, and the second is an -optional predicate. The pattern in this example will match a 2-tuple, ignoring -the second element in that tuple. The first element will itself be matched -against a 2-tuple, and assign each element to the variables `A` and `B`, -respectively. The second element in the tuple, the predicate, is a sub-graph -which returns a boolean, and can be used for further specificity which can't be -covered by the pattern matching (in this case, comparing the two values to each -other). - -The output from any of `switch`'s branches is the same as its input value, the -only question is which branch is taken. This means that there's no backtracking -when reading a program using this pattern; no matter where you're looking you -will only have to keep reading rightward to come to an `out`. - -There's a few drawbacks with this approach. The first is that it's not actually -very easy to read. While pattern matching can be a really nice feature in -languages that design around it, I've never seen it used in a LISP-style -language where the syntax denotes actual datastructures, and I feel that in such -a context it's a bit unwieldy. I could be wrong. - -The second drawback is that pattern matching is not simple to implement, and I'm -not even sure what it would look like in a language where graphs are the primary -datastructure. In the above example we're only matching into a tuple, but how -would you format the pattern for a multi-node, multi-edge graph? Perhaps it's -possible. But given that any such system could be implemented as a macro on top -of normal `if` statements, rather than doing it the other way around, it seems -better to start with the simpler option. - -(I haven't talked about it yet, but I'd like for ginger to be portable to -multiple backends (i.e. different processor architectures, vms, etc). If the -builtins of the language are complex, then doing this will be a difficult task, -whereas if I'm conscious of that goal during design I think it can be made to be -very simple. In that light I'd prefer to not require pattern matching to be a -builtin.) - -The third drawback is that the input to the `switch` requires careful ordering, -especially in cases like this one where a different value is needed depending on -which branch is taken. I don't consider this to be a huge drawback, as -encourages good data design and is a common consideration in other functional -languages. - -## Pattern 3: Branches As Outputs - -Taking a cue from the pattern matching example, we can go back to `if` and take -advantage of multiple output edges being a possibility: - -``` - in -> } -> } -if-> } -0-> } -add-> out -in -1-> } -> } } } -1-> } -sub-> out -in -0-> } } - } - in -lt-> } -``` - -It's not perfect, but I'd say this is the nicest of the three options so far. -`if` is an operation which takes a 2-tuple. The second element of the tuple is a -boolean, if the boolean is true then `if` passes the first element of its tuple -to the first branch, otherwise it passes it to the second. In this way `if` -becomes kind of like a fork in a train track: it accepts some payload (the first -element of its input tuple) and depending on conditions (the second element) it -directs the payload one way or the other. - -This pattern retains the benefits of the pattern matching example, where one -never needs to backtrack in order to understand what is about to happen next, -while also being much more readable and simpler to implement. It also retains -one of the drawbacks of the pattern matching example, in that the inputs to `if` -must be carefully organized based on the needs of the output branches. As -before, I don't consider this to be a huge drawback. - -There's other modifications which might be made to this `if` to make it even -cleaner, e.g. one could make it accept a 3-tuple, rather than a 2-tuple, in -order to supply differing values to be used depending on which branch is taken. -To me these sorts of small niceties are better left to be implemented as macros, -built on top of a simpler but less pleasant builtin. - -## Fin - -If you have other ideas around how conditionals might be done in a graph-based -language please [email me][email]; any and all contributions are welcome! One -day I'll get around to actually implementing some of ginger, but today is not -that day. - -[email]: mailto:mediocregopher@gmail.com diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-04-conditionals-in-ginger-errata.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-03-04-conditionals-in-ginger-errata.md deleted file mode 100644 index b4c0007..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-04-conditionals-in-ginger-errata.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,195 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Conditionals in Ginger, Errata -description: >- - Too clever by half. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -After publishing the last post in the series I walked away from my computer -feeling that I was very clever and had made a good post. This was incorrect. - -To summarize [the previous post][prev], it's not obvious which is the best way -to structure conditionals in a graphical programming language. My favorite -solution looked something like this: - -``` - in -> } -> } -if-> } -0-> } -add-> out -in -1-> } -> } } } -1-> } -sub-> out -in -0-> } } - } - in -lt-> } -``` - -Essentially an `if` operator which accepts a value and a boolean, and which has -two output edges. If the boolean is true then the input value is sent along the -first output edge, and if it's false it's sent along the second. - -This structure is not possible, given the properties of ginger graphs that have -been laid out in [other posts in the series][other]. - -## Nodes, Tuples, and Edges - -A ginger graph, as it has been presented so far, is composed of these three -elements. A node has a value, and its value is unique to the graph; if two nodes -have the same value then they are the same node. Edges connect two nodes or -tuples together, and have a value and direction. Tuples are, in essence, a node -whose value is its input edges. - -The `if` operation above lies on an edge, not a node or tuple. It cannot have -multiple output edges, since it cannot have any edges at all. It _is_ an edge. - -So it's back to the drawing board, to some extent. But luckily I've got some -more ideas in my back pocket. - -## Forks and Junctions - -In an older conception of ginger there was no tuple, but instead there were -forks and junctions. A junction was essentially the same as a tuple, just named -differently: a node whose value is its input edges. A fork was just the -opposite, a node whose value is its output edges. Junctions and forks naturally -complimented each other, but ultimately I didn't find forks to be useful for -much because there weren't cases where it was necessary to have a single edge be -split across multiple output edges directly; any case which appeared to require -a fork could be satisfied by directing the edge into a 1-tuple and using the -output edges of the 1-tuple. - -But now we have such a case. The 1-tuple won't work, because the `if` operator -would only see the 1-tuple, not its edges. It could be supposed that the graph -interpreter could say that an `if` operation must be followed by a 1-tuple, and -that the 1-tuple's output edges have a special meaning in that circumstance. But -making the output edges of a 1-tuple have different meaning in different -circumstances isn't very elegant. - -So a fork might be just the thing here. For the example I will represent a -fork as the opposite of a tuple: a vertical column of `{` characters. - -``` - in -> } -> } -if-> { -0-> } -add-> out -in -1-> } -> } } { -1-> } -sub-> out -in -0-> } } - } - in -lt-> } -``` - -It _looks_ elegant, which is nice. I am curious though if there's any other -possible use-case where a fork might be useful... if there's not then it seems -odd to introduce an entire new element just to support a single operation. Why -not just make that operation itself the new element? - -## Switch it Up - -In most conceptions of a flowchart that I've seen a conditional is usually -represented as a node with a different shape than the other nodes (often a -diamond). Ginger could borrow this idea for itself, and declare a new graph -element, alongside nodes, tuples, and edges, called a switch. - -Let's say a switch is simply represented by a `-<>`, and acts like a node in all -aspects except that it has no value and is not unique to the graph. - -The example presented in the [previous post][prev] would look something like -this: - -``` - in -> } -> } -<> -0-> } -add-> out -in -1-> } -> } } -1-> } -sub-> out -in -0-> } } - } - in -lt-> } -``` - -This isn't the _worst_. Like the fork it's adding a new element, but that -element's existence is required and its usage is very specific to that -requirement, whereas the fork's existence is required but ambiguously useful -outside of that requirement. - -On the other hand, there are macros to consider... - -## Macrophillic - -Ginger will certainly support macros, and as alluded to in the last post I'd -like even conditional operations to be fair game for those who want to construct -their own more complex operators. In the context of the switch `-<>` element, -would someone be able to create something like a pattern matching conditional? -If the builtin conditional is implemented as a new graph element then it seems -that the primary way to implement a custom conditional macro will also involve a -new graph element. - -While I'm not flat out opposed to allowing for custom graph elements, I'm -extremely skeptical that it's necessary, and would like it to be proven -necessary before considering it. So if we can have a basic conditional, _and_ -custom conditional macros built on top of the same broadly useful element, that -seems like the better strategy. - -So all of that said, it seems I'm leaning towards forks as the better strategy -in this. But I'd like a different name. "Fork" was nice as being the compliment -of a "junction", but I like "tuple" way more than "junction" because the term -applies well both to the structural element _and_ to the transformation that -element performs (i.e. a tuple element combines its input edges' values into a -tuple value). But "tuple" and "fork" seem weird together... - -## Many Minutes Later... - -A brief search of the internet reveals no better word than "fork". A place -where a tree's trunk splits into two separate trunks is called a "fork". A -place where a river splits into two separate rivers is called a "fork". -Similarly with roads. And that _is_ what's happening, from the point of view of -the graph's structure: it is an element whose only purpose is to denote multiple -outward edges. - -So "fork" it is. - -## Other considerations - -A 1-tuple is interesting in that it acts essentially as a concatenation of two -edges. A 1-fork could, theoretically, do the same thing: - -``` -a -foo-> } -bar-> b - -c -far-> { -boo-> d -``` - -The top uses a tuple, the bottom a fork. Each is, conceptually, valid, but I -don't like that two different elements can be used for the exact same use-case. - -A 1-tuple is an established concept in data structures, so I am loath to give it -up. A 1-fork, on the other hand, doesn't make sense structurally (would you -point to any random point on a river and call it a "1-fork"?), and fork as a -whole doesn't really have any analog in the realm of data structures. So I'm -prepared to declare 1-forks invalid from the viewpoint of the language -interpreter. - -Another consideration: I already expect that there's going to be confusion as to -when to use a fork and when to use multiple outputs from a node. For example, -here's a graph which uses a fork: - -``` -a -> { -op1-> foo - { -op2-> bar -``` - -and here's a graph which has multiple outputs from the same node: - -``` -a -op1-> foo - -op2-> bar -``` - -Each could be interpreted to mean the same thing: "set `foo` to the result of -passing `a` into `op1`, and set `bar` to the result of passing `a` into `op2`." -As with the 1-tuple vs 1-fork issue, we have another case where the same -task might be accomplished with two different patterns. This case is trickier -though, and I don't have as confident an answer. - -I think an interim rule which could be put in place, subject to review later, is -that multiple edges from a node or tuple indicate that that same value is being -used for multiple operations, while a fork indicates something specific to the -operation on its input edge. It's not a pretty rule, but I think it will do. - -Stay tuned for next week when I realize that actually all of this is wrong and -we start over again! - -[prev]: {% post_url 2021-03-01-conditionals-in-ginger %} -[other]: {% post_url 2021-01-09-ginger %} diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-12-ripple-a-game.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-03-12-ripple-a-game.md deleted file mode 100644 index e793e6e..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-12-ripple-a-game.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,311 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ripple: A Game -description: >- - Hop Till You Drop! -tags: tech -series: ripple ---- - -<p> - <b>Movement:</b> Arrow keys or WASD<br/> - <b>Jump:</b> Space<br/> - <b>Goal:</b> Jump as many times as possible without touching a ripple!<br/> - <br/> - <b>Press Jump To Begin!</b> -</p> - -<canvas id="canvas" - style="border:1px dashed #AAA" - tabindex=0> -Your browser doesn't support canvas. At this point in the world that's actually -pretty cool, well done! -</canvas> -<button onclick="resetGame()">(R)eset</button> -<span style="font-size: 2rem; margin-left: 1rem;">Score: - <span style="font-weight: bold" id="score">0</span> -</span> - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -const palette = [ - "#264653", - "#2A9D8F", - "#E9C46A", - "#F4A261", - "#E76F51", -]; - -const width = 800; -const height = 600; - -function hypotenuse(w, h) { - return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(w, 2) + Math.pow(h, 2)); -} - -let canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); -canvas.width = width; -canvas.height = height; - -let score = document.getElementById("score"); - -const whitelistedKeys = { - "ArrowUp": {}, - "KeyW": {map: "ArrowUp"}, - "ArrowLeft": {}, - "KeyA": {map: "ArrowLeft"}, - "ArrowRight": {}, - "KeyD": {map: "ArrowRight"}, - "ArrowDown": {}, - "KeyS": {map: "ArrowDown"}, - "Space": {}, - "KeyR": {}, -}; - -let keyboard = {}; - -canvas.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - keyboard[code] = true; -}); - -canvas.addEventListener('keyup', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - delete keyboard[code]; -}); - -let ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); - -let currTick; -let drops; - -class Drop { - constructor(x, y, bounces, color) { - this.tick = currTick; - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.thickness = (bounces+1) * 0.25; - this.color = color ? color : palette[Math.floor(Math.random() * palette.length)]; - this.winner = false; - - this.maxRadius = hypotenuse(x, y); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(x, height-y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, height-y)); - - drops.push(this); - - if (bounces > 0) { - new Drop(x, -y, bounces-1, this.color); - new Drop(-x, y, bounces-1, this.color); - new Drop((2*width)-x, y, bounces-1, this.color); - new Drop(x, (2*height)-y, bounces-1, this.color); - } - } - - radius() { return currTick - this.tick; } - - draw() { - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius(), 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = this.thickness; - ctx.strokeStyle = this.winner ? "#FF0000" : this.color; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - canGC() { - return this.radius() > this.maxRadius; - } -} - -const playerRadius = 10; -const playerMoveAccel = 0.5; -const playerMoveDecel = 0.7; -const playerMaxMoveSpeed = 4; -const playerJumpSpeed = 0.08; -const playerMaxHeight = 1; -const playerGravity = 0.01; - -class Player{ - constructor(x, y, color) { - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.z = 0; - this.xVelocity = 0; - this.yVelocity = 0; - this.zVelocity = 0; - this.color = color; - this.falling = false; - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.loser = false; - } - - act() { - if (keyboard["ArrowUp"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowDown"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.yVelocity > 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(0, this.yVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.yVelocity < 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(0, this.yVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.y += this.yVelocity; - this.y = Math.max(0+playerRadius, this.y); - this.y = Math.min(height-playerRadius, this.y); - - if (keyboard["ArrowLeft"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowRight"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.xVelocity > 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(0, this.xVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.xVelocity < 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(0, this.xVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.x += this.xVelocity; - this.x = Math.max(0+playerRadius, this.x); - this.x = Math.min(width-playerRadius, this.x); - - let jumpHeld = keyboard["Space"]; - - if (jumpHeld && !this.falling && this.z < playerMaxHeight) { - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.zVelocity = playerJumpSpeed; - } else { - this.zVelocity = Math.max(-playerJumpSpeed, this.zVelocity - playerGravity); - this.falling = this.z > 0; - } - - let prevZ = this.z; - this.z = Math.max(0, this.z + this.zVelocity); - this.lastJumpHeight = Math.max(this.z, this.lastJumpHeight); - } - - draw() { - let y = this.y - (this.z * 40); - let radius = playerRadius * (this.z+1) - - // draw main - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color; - ctx.fill(); - if (this.loser) { - ctx.strokeStyle = '#FF0000'; - ctx.lineWidth = 2; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - // draw shadow, if in the air - if (this.z > 0) { - let radius = Math.max(0, playerRadius * (1.2 - this.z)); - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color+"33"; - ctx.fill(); - } - } -} - -let player; -let gameState; -let numJumps; - -function resetGame() { - currTick = 0; - drops = []; - player = new Player(width/2, height/2, palette[0]); - gameState = 'play'; - numJumps = 0; - canvas.focus(); -} -resetGame(); - -let requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -function doTick() { - if (keyboard['KeyR']) { - resetGame(); - } - - if (gameState == 'play') { - let playerPrevZ = player.z; - player.act(); - if (playerPrevZ > 0 && player.z == 0) { - let bounces = Math.floor((player.lastJumpHeight*1.8)+1); - console.log("spawning drop with bounces:", bounces); - new Drop(player.x, player.y, bounces); - } else if (playerPrevZ == 0 && player.z > 0) { - numJumps++; - } - score.innerHTML = numJumps; - - if (player.z == 0) { - for (let i in drops) { - let drop = drops[i]; - let dropRadius = drop.radius(); - if (dropRadius < playerRadius * 1.5) continue; - let hs = Math.pow(drop.x-player.x, 2) + Math.pow(drop.y-player.y, 2); - if (hs > Math.pow(playerRadius + dropRadius, 2)) { - continue; - } else if (Math.sqrt(hs) <= Math.abs(dropRadius-playerRadius)) { - continue; - } else { - console.log("game over"); - drop.winner = true; - player.loser = true; - gameState = 'gameOver'; - } - } - } - } - - drops = drops.filter(drop => !drop.canGC()); - - ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height); - drops.forEach(drop => drop.draw()); - player.draw() - - if (gameState == 'play') currTick++; - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} -requestAnimationFrame(doTick); - -</script> - -_Do you have the patience to wait<br/> -till your mud settles and the water is clear?_ - -## Backstory - -This is a game I originally implemented in lua, which you can find [here][orig]. -It's a fun concept that I wanted to show off again, as well as to see if I could -whip it up in an evening in javascript (I can!) - -Send me your high scores! I top out around 17. - -[orig]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ripple diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md deleted file mode 100644 index 30139fb..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-03-20-a-simple-rule-for-better-errors.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,227 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - A Simple Rule for Better Errors -description: >- - ...and some examples of the rule in action. -tags: tech ---- - -This post will describe a simple rule for writing error messages that I've -been using for some time and have found to be worthwhile. Using this rule I can -be sure that my errors are propagated upwards with everything needed to debug -problems, while not containing tons of extraneous or duplicate information. - -This rule is not specific to any particular language, pattern of error -propagation (e.g. exceptions, signals, simple strings), or method of embedding -information in errors (e.g. key/value pairs, formatted strings). - -I do not claim to have invented this system, I'm just describing it. - -## The Rule - -Without more ado, here's the rule: - -> A function sending back an error should not include information the caller -> could already know. - -Pretty simple, really, but the best rules are. Keeping to this rule will result -in error messages which, once propagated up to their final destination (usually -some kind of logger), will contain only the information relevant to the error -itself, with minimal duplication. - -The reason this rule works in tandem with good encapsulation of function -behavior. The caller of a function knows only the inputs to the function and, in -general terms, what the function is going to do with those inputs. If the -returned error only includes information outside of those two things then the -caller knows everything it needs to know about the error, and can continue on to -propagate that error up the stack (with more information tacked on if necessary) -or handle it in some other way. - -## Examples - -(For examples I'll use Go, but as previously mentioned this rule will be useful -in any other language as well.) - -Let's go through a few examples, to show the various ways that this rule can -manifest in actual code. - -**Example 1: Nothing to add** - -In this example we have a function which merely wraps a call to `io.Copy` for -two files: - -```go -func copyFile(dst, src *os.File) error { - _, err := io.Copy(dst, src) - return err -} -``` - -In this example there's no need to modify the error from `io.Copy` before -returning it to the caller. What would we even add? The caller already knows -which files were involved in the error, and that the error was encountered -during some kind of copy operation (since that's what the function says it -does), so there's nothing more to say about it. - -**Example 2: Annotating which step an error occurs at** - -In this example we will open a file, read its contents, and return them as a -string: - -```go -func readFile(path string) (string, error) { - f, err := os.Open(path) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err) - } - defer f.Close() - - contents, err := io.ReadAll(f) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents: %w", err) - } - - return string(contents), nil -} -``` - -In this example there are two different steps which could result in an error: -opening the file and reading its contents. If an error is returned then our -imaginary caller doesn't know which step the error occurred at. Using our rule -we can infer that it would be good to annotate at _which_ step the error is -from, so the caller is able to have a fuller picture of what went wrong. - -Note that each annotation does _not_ include the file path which was passed into -the function. The caller already knows this path, so an error being returned -back which reiterates the path is unnecessary. - -**Example 3: Annotating which argument was involved** - -In this example we will read two files using our function from example 2, and -return the concatenation of their contents as a string. - -```go -func concatFiles(pathA, pathB string) (string, error) { - contentsA, err := readFile(pathA) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents of %q: %w", pathA, err) - } - - contentsB, err := readFile(pathB) - if err != nil { - return "", fmt.Errorf("reading contents of %q: %w", pathB, err) - } - - return contentsA + contentsB, nil -} -``` - -Like in example 2 we annotate each error, but instead of annotating the action -we annotate which file path was involved in each error. This is because if we -simply annotated with the string `reading contents` like before it wouldn't be -clear to the caller _which_ file's contents couldn't be read. Therefore we -include which path the error is relevant to. - -**Example 4: Layering** - -In this example we will show how using this rule habitually results in easy to -read errors which contain all relevant information surrounding the error. Our -example reads one file, the "full" file, using our `readFile` function from -example 2. It then reads the concatenation of two files, the "split" files, -using our `concatFiles` function from example 3. It finally determines if the -two strings are equal: - -```go -func verifySplits(fullFilePath, splitFilePathA, splitFilePathB string) error { - fullContents, err := readFile(fullFilePath) - if err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("reading contents of full file: %w", err) - } - - splitContents, err := concatFiles(splitFilePathA, splitFilePathB) - if err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("reading concatenation of split files: %w", err) - } - - if fullContents != splitContents { - return errors.New("full file's contents do not match the split files' contents") - } - - return nil -} -``` - -As previously, we don't annotate the file paths for the different possible -errors, but instead say _which_ files were involved. The caller already knows -the paths, there's no need to reiterate them if there's another way of referring -to them. - -Let's see what our errors actually look like! We run our new function using the -following: - -```go - err := verifySplits("full.txt", "splitA.txt", "splitB.txt") - fmt.Println(err) -``` - -Let's say `full.txt` doesn't exist, we'll get the following error: - -``` -reading contents of full file: opening file: open full.txt: no such file or directory -``` - -The error is simple, and gives you everything you need to understand what went -wrong: while attempting to read the full file, during the opening of that file, -our code found that there was no such file. In fact, the error returned by -`os.Open` contains the name of the file, which goes against our rule, but it's -the standard library so what can ya do? - -Now, let's say that `splitA.txt` doesn't exist, then we'll get this error: - -``` -reading concatenation of split files: reading contents of "splitA.txt": opening file: open splitA.txt: no such file or directory -``` - -Now we did include the file path here, and so the standard library's failure to -follow our rule is causing us some repitition. But overall, within the parts of -the error we have control over, the error is concise and gives you everything -you need to know what happened. - -## Exceptions - -As with all rules, there are certainly exceptions. The primary one I've found is -that certain helper functions can benefit from bending this rule a bit. For -example, if there is a helper function which is called to verify some kind of -user input in many places, it can be helpful to include that input value within -the error returned from the helper function: - -```go -func verifyInput(str string) error { - if err := check(str); err != nil { - return fmt.Errorf("input %q was bad: %w", str, err) - } - return nil -} -``` - -`str` is known to the caller so, according to our rule, we don't need to include -it in the error. But if you're going to end up wrapping the error returned from -`verifyInput` with `str` at every call site anyway it can be convenient to save -some energy and break the rule. It's a trade-off, convenience in exchange for -consistency. - -Another exception might be made with regards to stack traces. - -In the set of examples given above I tended to annotate each error being -returned with a description of where in the function the error was being -returned from. If your language automatically includes some kind of stack trace -with every error, and if you find that you are generally able to reconcile that -stack trace with actual code, then it may be that annotating each error site is -unnecessary, except when annotating actual runtime values (e.g. an input -string). - -As in all things with programming, there are no hard rules; everything is up to -interpretation and the specific use-case being worked on. That said, I hope what -I've laid out here will prove generally useful to you, in whatever way you might -try to use it. - diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-01-fmail.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-04-01-fmail.md deleted file mode 100644 index bdc473c..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-01-fmail.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,172 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - F-Mail -description: >- - If email didn't suck. ---- - -I'm down a blog post, so I'm going to try to make up some time on this one. - -Email is probably the oldest web technology which is widely recognized by the -general public. It predates WWW by about 15 years, and is fundamental to the way -we use the internet. - -It also really fucking sucks. - -## Thought Exercise - -Let's invent email all over again, for fun. We can take the good things from the -existing email paradigm, and replace the bad. Let's not worry about marketshare -and adoption strategies and all that annoying stuff either; after all, I need to -finish this post in like.... 20 minutes... tops. - -This new email will be called fmail. - -The basic idea of email is solid. It's mail, on the internet. We all understand -mail. You have a mailing address, I want to send you a thing. I pay someone else -to take my thing to you, and they have some mechanism for finding you just based -on your address. - -We're good so far. Let's get into the weeds. - -## Addresses - -Email addresses are... ok. There's a name and a domain. If you were sending a -physical package to a house with multiple residents you would include the name -of the recipient on the package, in addition to the address. With email the -domain part of the email corresponds to the house address, and the username -corresponds to the recipient's actual name. - -In this aspect, however, physical mail has email beat. If the package has a -correct name it can often be routed directly to its intended recipient. But it -doesn't _have_ to have a correct name. In fact it can have no name. In those -cases the residents of the address figure out amongst themselves what to do with -it. Maybe it's obvious who it's for, maybe not. In any case it's possible to -resolve these issues. - -Further, in physical mail the routing steps are declared right on the mail -container (box, envelope, etc). You can, generally, read the recipient address -from bottom to top to understand how to deliver it. Here's an example: - -``` -Homer -123 Fakie St -Springfield, IL 12345 -USA -``` - -Understanding the steps is simple enough. The package first needs to get to the -United States of America, then to Springfield, then to Fakie St, then to house -123 on Fakie St, and finally to the resident named "Homer" at that house. - -Let's incorporate these ideas into fmail, our new mythical internet mail system. - -In fmail the address isn't an inflexible `name@domain`. Instead the address is -composed of a sequence of `>` separated strings, each denoting an intended hop -in the route. For example: - -``` -sick-domain.com>brian>phone -``` - -The sender only needs to know how to route to the first hop in order to do its -duty. In this case it's a simple domain lookup, which would tell it an IP to -send the fmail message to. From there the receiving server would need to know -what to do with `brian` as a piece of routing information. Maybe it knows, and -can send the message along. Maybe it doesn't, in which case the mail might go to -a "lost and found" directory, where anyone on the fmail server could claim it. - -If the idea of a domain-wide "lost and found" sounds scary, consider that it -might not be so scary in a world where fmail servers are easy to self-host, and -so people actually do so. What would make it possible for fmail to be easy to -self-host? - -## Spam - -Spam has made both email and real mail almost unbearable. If I'm honest, it's -the daily chore of cleaning my two mail boxes that made start thinking about -writing this post in the first place. With email the spam issue is particularly -egregious, because the entire email ecosystem, not just the experience of the -individual, is made worse by spam. - -If you want to know why it's hard to run your email server, the answer is -"because spam exists". You need to block the spam destined for you server, you -need to ensure someone isn't going to hack your server and send spam from it, -you need to convince other email servers that you're one of the good ones and -won't send spam, you need to pray your ISP even allows you to have an email -server (because they don't want to be seen as enabling spam). There's actual -_laws_ about email spam. - -The good news is, fmail has solved the spam problem completely. - -In fmail, all messages are rejected by default. It's a whitelist based access -control, unlike email's blacklist based one where anyone can send you anything -and it's up to you to reject what you don't want. - -How can this work? There's a couple different forms the whitelist can take, and -they all can work together in your fmail server's configuration. - -The primary one would be to check for some kind of cryptographic signature on -the message, declaring who its from. If the message is from a list of configured -"good senders" then it's kept. This would be for friends, family, coworkers, -etc... Those you expect to hear from frequently who you actually want to hear -from. - -Building on this, each "good sender" could have a timeout associated with them, -if desired. This could be useful when signing up for a website which wants to -use fmail for authentication. You configure your fmail client (which of course -integrates nicely with a web browser to make this easy) to allow messages from -this sender only for a limited time, or only a limited number of messages from -them. This way the user can receive their fmail confirmation message, or -password reset or whatever, without being forever bothered by stupid marketing -emails. - -A secondary method of whitelisting might involve someone attaching some -cryptocurrency to their message as a peace offering of sorts. It could be as -simple as a private key or signed transaction which would allow the receiver, if -they receive the message, to keep the money. It would be up to the fmail client -to allow configuration of which cryptos are accepted and how much crypto is -required, as well as ensuring that the money is still available to be received. -Only if all these requirements are met is the message allowed to be seen by a -human, otherwise it's dropped. - -There's probably other interesting mechanisms I haven't thought of. It would be -good for fmail servers to have a plugin system that allowed for extending -functionality like this as the users desire. - -## Encryption - -One thing email sorely lacks is end-to-end encryption. This is a difficult -problem for communication systems in general, because ultimately what it comes -down to is a hard requirement on a safe exchange of public keys, which requires -an existing trusted method of communication. - -I don't think fmail needs to re-invent this wheel. We've already established -that users will have some mechanism for sharing public keys (for whitelisting), -so really what this comes down to is having good UI around key management from -the start, and the stubbornness to establish e2e messages as the norm. - -What holds email back in this area isn't so much the lack of solutions (there -are many ways to do e2e encryption over email) but the need for supporting -plaintext emails out of concern for backwards compatibility, as well as the need -to support open mail boxes which can receive and send mail willy-nilly. If a -whitelist-based system is built from scratch with e2e messages always being the -default way of messaging others, and plaintext messages being something with big -scary warnings around it, I don't think there'd be an issue. - -## That's fmail - -That's it. There's not much to it, except you know... actually implementing it -(someone else do it, I don't have time). - -There's a lot more that could be said about the email protocol and server/client -implementations themselves, but I think if one were to start from scratch on -fmail it would be enough to say this: there's a lot of good things to take from -email, and really what we need is to update the mindset around internet -messaging in general.We have almost 8 billion people on earth, a double digit -percentage of them have internet access, and we need to give users better -mechanisms for ensuring their messages are received the way each one -individually wants them to be. - -My dream of finishing this post in 20 minutes did not come to pass. It was more -like an hour. I'm getting faster though! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-06-evaluation-of-network-filesystems.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-04-06-evaluation-of-network-filesystems.md deleted file mode 100644 index b80eb8d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-06-evaluation-of-network-filesystems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,339 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Evaluation of Network Filesystems -description: >- - There can only be one. -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -It's been a bit since updating my progress on what I've been lately calling the -"cryptic nebula" project. When I last left off I was working on building the -[mobile nebula][mobile_nebula] using [nix][nix]. For the moment I gave up on -that dream, as flutter and nix just _really_ don't get along and I don't want to -get to distracted on problems that aren't critical to the actual goal. - -Instead I'd like to pursue the next critical component of the system, and -that's a shared filesystem. The use-case I'm ultimately trying to achieve is: - -* All hosts communicate with each other via the nebula network. -* All hosts are personal machines owned by individuals, _not_ cloud VMs. -* A handful of hosts are always-on, or at least as always-on as can be achieved - in a home environment. -* All hosts are able to read/write to a shared filesystem, which is mounted via - FUSE (or some other mechanism, though I can't imagine what) on their computer. -* Top-level directories within the shared filesystem can be restricted, so - that only a certain person (or host) can read/write to them. - -What I'm looking for is some kind of network filesystem, of which there are -_many_. This document will attempt to evaluate all relevant projects and come up -with the next steps. It may be that no project fits the bill perfectly, and that -I'm stuck either modifying an existing project to my needs or, if things are -looking really dire, starting a new project. - -The ultimate use-case here is something like a self-hosted, distributed [keybase -filesystem](https://book.keybase.io/docs/files); somewhere where individuals in -the cluster can back up their personal projects, share files with each other, -and possibly even be used as the base layer for more complex applications on -top. - -The individuals involved shouldn't have to deal with configuring their -distributed FS, either to read from it or add storage resources to it. Ideally -the FS process can be bundled together with the nebula process and run opaquely; -the user is just running their "cryptic nebula" process and everything else is -handled in the background. - -## Low Pass Filter - -There are some criteria for these projects that I'm not willing to compromise -on; these criteria will form a low pass filter which, hopefully, will narrow our -search appreciably. - -The network filesystem used by the cryptic nebula must: - -* Be able to operate over a nebula network (obviously). -* Be open-source. The license doesn't matter, as long as the code is available. -* Run on both Mac and Linux. -* Not require a third-party to function. -* Allows for a replication factor of 3. -* Supports sharding of data (ie each host need not have the entire dataset). -* Allow for mounting a FUSE filesystem in any hosts' machine to interact with - the network filesystem. -* Not run in the JVM, or any other VM which is memory-greedy. - -The last may come across as mean, but the reason for it is that I forsee the -network filesystem client running on users' personal laptops, which cannot be -assumed to have resources to spare. - -## Rubric - -Each criteria in the next set lies along a spectrum. Any project may meet one of -thses criteria fully, partially, or not at all. For each criteria I assign a -point value according to how fully a project meets the criteria, and then sum up -the points to give the project a final score. The project with the highest final -score is not necessarily the winner, but this system should at least give some -good candidates for final consideration. - -The criteria, and their associated points values, are: - -* **Hackability**: is the source-code of the project approachable? - - 0: No - - 1: Kind of, and there's not much of a community. - - 2: Kind of, but there is an active community. - - 3: Yes - -* **Documentation**: is the project well documented? - - 0: No docs. - - 1: Incomplete or out-of-date docs. - - 2: Very well documented. - -* **Transience**: how does the system handle hosts appearing or disappearing? - - 0: Requires an automated system to be built to handle adding/removing - hosts. - - 1: Gracefully handled. - -* **Priority**: is it possible to give certain hosts priority when choosing - which will host/replicate some piece of data? - - 0: No. - - 1: Yes. - -* **Caching**: will hosts reading a file have that file cached locally for the - next reading (until the file is modified)? - - 0: No. - - 1: Yes. - -* **Conflicts**: if two hosts updated the same file at the same time, how is - that handled? - - 0: The file can no longer be updated. - - 1: One update clobbers the other, or both go through in an undefined - order. - - 2: One update is disallowed. - - 3: A copy of the file containing the "losing" update is created (ie: how - dropbox does it). - - 4: Strategy can be configured on the file/directory level. - -* **Consistency**: how does the system handle a file being changed frequently? - - 0: File changes must be propagated before subsequent updates are allowed (fully consistent). - - 1: Files are snapshotted at some large-ish interval (eventually consistent). - - 2: File state (ie content hash, last modifid, etc) is propagated - frequently but contents are only fully propagated once the file has - "settled" (eventually consistent with debounce). - -* **POSIX**: how POSIX compliant is the mounted fileystem? - - 0: Only the most basic features are implemented. - - 1: Some extra features are implemented. - - 2: Fully POSIX compliant. - -* **Scale**: how many hosts can be a part of the cluster? - - 0: A finite number. - - 1: A finite number of dedicated hosts, infinite ephemeral. - - 2: Infinite hosts. - -* **Failure**: how does the system handle failures (network partitions, hosts - hanging, buggy client versions)? - - 0: Data loss. - - 1: Reads and writes are halted. - - 2: Reads are allowed but writes are halted. - - 3: System is partially read/write, except effected parts. - -* **Limitations**: are there limits on how big files can be, or how big - directories can be? - - 0: Files are limited to below 1TB in size. - - 1: Directories are limited to below 100,000 files. - - 2: No limits. - -* **Encryption**: how is data encrypted? - - 0: Not at all, DIY. - - 1: Encrypted at rest. - - 2: Per-user encryption. - -* **Permissions**: how are modifications to data restricted? - - 0: Not at all. - - 1: Permissions are only superifically enforced. - - 2: Fully enforced user/group restrictions, complex patterns, and/or POSIX ACLs. - -* **Administration**: how much administration is required for the system to - function? - - 0: Frequent. - - 1: Infrequent. - - 2: Essentially none. - -* **Simplicity**: how understandable is the system as a whole? - - 0: Very complex. - - 1: Understandable with some study. - - 2: Very simple, easy to predict. - -* **Visibility**: how much visibility is available into processes within the - system? - - 0: Total black box. - - 1: Basic logging. - - 2: CLI tooling. - - 3: Exportable metrics (e.g. prometheus). - -## Evaluations - -With the rubric defined, let's start actually working through our options! There -are many, many different possibilities, so this may not be an exhaustive list. - -### [Ceph](https://docs.ceph.com/en/latest/cephfs/index.html) - -> The Ceph File System, or CephFS, is a POSIX-compliant file system built on -> top of Ceph’s distributed object store, RADOS. CephFS endeavors to provide a -> state-of-the-art, multi-use, highly available, and performant file store for -> a variety of applications, including traditional use-cases like shared home -> directories, HPC scratch space, and distributed workflow shared storage. - -- Hackability: 2. Very active community, but it's C++. -- Documentation: 2. Hella docs, very daunting. -- Transience: 0. Adding hosts seems to require multiple configuration steps. -- Priority: 1. There is fine-tuning on a per-host basis. -- Caching: 1. Clients can cache both metadata and block data. -- Conflicts: 1. The FS behaves as much like a real FS as possible. -- Consistency: 0. System is CP. -- POSIX: 2. Fully POSIX compliant. -- Scale: 2. Cluster can grow without any real bounds. -- Failure: 3. There's no indication anywhere that Ceph goes into any kind of cluster-wide failure mode. -- Limitations: 2. There are performance considerations with large directories, but no hard limits. -- Encryption: 0. None to speak of. -- Permissions: 2. POSIX ACLs supported. -- Administration: 1. This is a guess, but Ceph seems to be self-healing in general, but still needs hand-holding in certain situations (adding/removing nodes, etc...) -- Simplicity: 0. There are many moving pieces, as well as many different kinds of processes and entities. -- Visibility: 3. Lots of tooling to dig into the state of the cluster, as well as a prometheus module. - -TOTAL: 22 - -#### Comments - -Ceph has been recommended to me by a few people. It is clearly a very mature -project, though that maturity has brought with it a lot of complexity. A lot of -the complexity of Ceph seems to be rooted in its strong consistency guarantees, -which I'm confident it fulfills well, but are not really needed for the -use-case I'm interested in. I'd prefer a simpler, eventually consistent, -system. It's also not clear to me that Ceph would even perform very well in my -use-case as it seems to want an actual datacenter deployment, with beefy -hardware and hosts which are generally close together. - -### [GlusterFS](https://docs.gluster.org/en/latest/) - -> GlusterFS is a scalable network filesystem suitable for data-intensive tasks -> such as cloud storage and media streaming. GlusterFS is free and open source -> software and can utilize common off-the-shelf hardware. - -- Hackability: 2. Mostly C code, but there is an active community. -- Documentation: 2. Good docs. -- Transience: 0. New nodes cannot add themselves to the pool. -- Priority: 0. Data is distributed based on consistent hashing algo, nothing else. -- Caching: 1. Docs mention client-side caching layer. -- Conflicts: 0. File becomes frozen, manual intervention is needed to save it. -- Consistency: 0. Gluster aims to be fully consistent. -- POSIX: 2. Fully POSIX compliant. -- Scale: 2. No apparent limits. -- Failure: 3. Clients determine on their own whether or not they have a quorum for a particular sub-volume. -- Limitations: 2. Limited by the file system underlying each volume, I think. -- Encryption: 2. Encryption can be done on the volume level, each user could have a private volume. -- Permissions: 2. ACL checking is enforced on the server-side, but requires syncing of users and group membership across servers. -- Administration: 1. Beyond adding/removing nodes the system is fairly self-healing. -- Simplicity: 1. There's only one kind of server process, and the configuration of volumes is is well documented and straightforward. -- Visibility: 3. Prometheus exporter available. - -TOTAL: 23 - -#### Comments - -GlusterFS was my initial choice when I did a brief survey of DFSs for this -use-case. However, after further digging into it I think it will suffer the -same ultimate problem as CephFS: too much consistency for a wide-area -application like I'm envisioning. The need for syncing user/groups across -machines as actual system users is also cumbersome enough to make it not a -great choice. - -### [MooseFS](https://moosefs.com/) - -> MooseFS is a Petabyte Open Source Network Distributed File System. It is easy -> to deploy and maintain, highly reliable, fault tolerant, highly performing, -> easily scalable and POSIX compliant. -> -> MooseFS spreads data over a number of commodity servers, which are visible to -> the user as one resource. For standard file operations MooseFS acts like -> ordinary Unix-like file system. - -- Hackability: 2. All C code, pretty dense, but backed by a company. -- Documentation: 2. There's a giant PDF you can read through like a book. I - guess that's.... good? -- Transience: 0. Nodes must be added manually. -- Priority: 1. There's "Storage Classes". -- Caching: 1. Caching is done on the client, and there's some synchronization - with the master server around it. -- Conflicts: 1. Both update operations will go through. -- Consistency: 0. Afaict it's a fully consistent system, with a master server - being used to synchronize changes. -- POSIX: 2. Fully POSIX compliant. -- Scale: 2. Cluster can grow without any real bounds. -- Failure: 1. If the master server is unreachable then the client can't - function. -- Limitations: 2. Limits are very large, effectively no limit. -- Encryption: 0. Docs make no mention of encryption. -- Permissions: 1. Afaict permissions are done by the OS on the fuse mount. -- Administration: 1. It seems that if the topology is stable there shouldn't be - much going on. -- Simplicity: 0. There are many moving pieces, as well as many different kinds of processes and entities. -- Visibility: 2. Lots of cli tooling, no prometheus metrics that I could find. - -TOTAL: 17 - -Overall MooseFS seems to me like a poor-developer's Ceph. It can do exactly the -same things, but with less of a community around it. The sale's pitch and -feature-gating also don't ingratiate it to me. The most damning "feature" is the -master metadata server, which acts as a SPOF and only sort of supports -replication (but not failover, unless you get Pro). - -## Cutting Room Floor - -The following projects were intended to be reviewed, but didn't make the cut for -various reasons. - -* Tahoe-LAFS: The FUSE mount (which is actually an SFTP mount) doesn't support - mutable files. - -* HekaFS: Doesn't appear to exist anymore(?) - -* IPFS-cluster: Doesn't support sharding. - -* MinFS: Seems to only work off S3, no longer maintained anyway. - -* DRDB: Linux specific, no mac support. - -* BeeGFS: No mac support (I don't think? I couldn't find any indication it - supports macs at any rate). - -* NFS: No support for sharding the dataset. - -## Conclusions - -Going through the featuresets of all these different projects really helped me -focus in on how I actually expect this system to function, and a few things -stood out to me: - -* Perfect consistency is not a goal, and is ultimately harmful for this - use-case. The FS needs to propagate changes relatively quickly, but if two - different hosts are updating the same file it's not necessary to synchronize - those updates like a local filesystem would; just let one changeset clobber - the other and let the outer application deal with coordination. - -* Permissions are extremely important, and yet for all these projects are - generally an afterthought. In a distributed setting we can't rely on the OS - user/groups of a host to permission read/write access. Instead that must be - done primarily via e2e encryption. - -* Transience is not something most of these project expect, but is a hard - requirement of this use-case. In the long run we need something which can be - run on home hardware on home ISPs, which is not reliable at all. Hosts need to - be able to flit in and out of existence, and the cluster as a whole needs to - self-heal through that process. - -In the end, it may be necessary to roll our own project for this, as I don't -think any of the existing distributed file systems are suitable for what's -needed. - -[mobile_nebula]: https://github.com/cryptic-io/mobile_nebula -[nix]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/ diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-11-ripple-v2.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-04-11-ripple-v2.md deleted file mode 100644 index cbde032..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-11-ripple-v2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,436 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ripple V2: A Better Game -description: >- - The sequel no one was waiting for! -tags: tech -series: ripple ---- - -<p> - <b>Movement:</b> Arrow keys or WASD<br/> - <b>Jump:</b> Space<br/> - <b>Goal:</b> Jump as many times as possible without touching a ripple!<br/> - <br/> - <b>Press Jump To Begin!</b> -</p> - -_Who can make the muddy water clear?<br/> -Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear._ - -<canvas id="canvas" - style="border:1px dashed #AAA" - tabindex=0> -Your browser doesn't support canvas. At this point in the world that's actually -pretty cool, well done! -</canvas> -<button onclick="reset()">(R)eset</button> -<span style="font-size: 2rem; margin-left: 1rem;">Score: - <span style="font-weight: bold" id="score">0</span> -</span> - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -const palette = [ - "#264653", - "#2A9D8F", - "#E9C46A", - "#F4A261", - "#E76F51", -]; - -const width = 800; -const height = 600; - -function hypotenuse(w, h) { - return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(w, 2) + Math.pow(h, 2)); -} - -let canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); -canvas.width = width; -canvas.height = height; - -const whitelistedKeys = { - "ArrowUp": {}, - "KeyW": {map: "ArrowUp"}, - "ArrowLeft": {}, - "KeyA": {map: "ArrowLeft"}, - "ArrowRight": {}, - "KeyD": {map: "ArrowRight"}, - "ArrowDown": {}, - "KeyS": {map: "ArrowDown"}, - "Space": {}, - "KeyR": {}, -}; - -let keyboard = {}; - -canvas.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - keyboard[code] = true; -}); - -canvas.addEventListener('keyup', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - delete keyboard[code]; -}); - - -const C = 700; // scales the overall speed of the radius -const T = 500; // on which tick the radius change becomes linear - -/* - f(x) = sqrt(C*x) when x < T - (C/(2*sqrt(CT)))(x-T) + sqrt(CT) when x >= T - - radius(x) = f(x) + playerRadius; -*/ - -const F1 = (x) => Math.sqrt(C*x); -const F2C1 = C / (2 * Math.sqrt(C*T)); -const F2C2 = Math.sqrt(C * T); -const F2 = (x) => (F2C1 * (x - T)) + F2C2; -const F = (x) => { - if (x < T) return F1(x); - return F2(x); -}; - -class Ripple { - - constructor(id, currTick, x, y, bounces, color) { - this.id = id; - this.tick = currTick; - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.thickness = Math.pow(bounces+1, 1.25); - this.color = color; - this.winner = false; - - this.maxRadius = hypotenuse(x, y); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(x, height-y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, height-y)); - } - - radius(currTick) { - const x = currTick - this.tick; - return F(x) + playerRadius; - } - - draw(ctx, currTick) { - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius(currTick), 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = this.thickness; - ctx.strokeStyle = this.winner ? "#FF0000" : this.color; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - canGC(currTick) { - return this.radius(currTick) > this.maxRadius; - } -} - -const playerRadius = 10; -const playerMoveAccel = 0.5; -const playerMoveDecel = 0.7; -const playerMaxMoveSpeed = 4; -const playerJumpSpeed = 0.08; -const playerMaxHeight = 1; -const playerGravity = 0.01; - -class Player{ - - constructor(x, y, color) { - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.z = 0; - this.xVelocity = 0; - this.yVelocity = 0; - this.zVelocity = 0; - this.color = color; - this.falling = false; - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.loser = false; - } - - act() { - if (keyboard["ArrowUp"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowDown"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.yVelocity > 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(0, this.yVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.yVelocity < 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(0, this.yVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.y += this.yVelocity; - this.y = Math.max(0+playerRadius, this.y); - this.y = Math.min(height-playerRadius, this.y); - - if (keyboard["ArrowLeft"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowRight"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.xVelocity > 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(0, this.xVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.xVelocity < 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(0, this.xVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.x += this.xVelocity; - this.x = Math.max(0+playerRadius, this.x); - this.x = Math.min(width-playerRadius, this.x); - - let jumpHeld = keyboard["Space"]; - - if (jumpHeld && !this.falling && this.z < playerMaxHeight) { - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.zVelocity = playerJumpSpeed; - } else { - this.zVelocity = Math.max(-playerJumpSpeed, this.zVelocity - playerGravity); - this.falling = this.z > 0; - } - - let prevZ = this.z; - this.z = Math.max(0, this.z + this.zVelocity); - this.lastJumpHeight = Math.max(this.z, this.lastJumpHeight); - } - - draw(ctx) { - let y = this.y - (this.z * 40); - let radius = playerRadius * (this.z+1) - - // draw main - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color; - ctx.fill(); - if (this.loser) { - ctx.strokeStyle = '#FF0000'; - ctx.lineWidth = 2; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - // draw shadow, if in the air - if (this.z > 0) { - let radius = Math.max(0, playerRadius * (1.2 - this.z)); - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color+"33"; - ctx.fill(); - } - } -} - -class Game { - - constructor(canvas, scoreEl) { - this.currTick = 0; - this.player = new Player(width/2, height/2, palette[0]); - this.state = 'play'; - this.score = 0; - this.scoreEl = scoreEl; - this.canvas = canvas; - this.ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); - this.ripples = []; - this.nextRippleID = 0; - } - - shouldReset() { - return keyboard['KeyR']; - } - - newRippleID() { - let id = this.nextRippleID; - this.nextRippleID++; - return id; - } - - // newRipple initializes and stores a new ripple at the given coordinates, as - // well as all sub-ripples which make up the initial ripple's reflections. - newRipple(x, y, bounces, color) { - color = color ? color : palette[Math.floor(Math.random() * palette.length)]; - - let ripplePos = []; - let nextRipples = []; - - let addRipple = (x, y) => { - for (let i in ripplePos) { - if (ripplePos[i][0] == x && ripplePos[i][1] == y) return; - } - - let ripple = new Ripple(this.newRippleID(), this.currTick, x, y, bounces, color); - nextRipples.push(ripple); - ripplePos.push([x, y]); - this.ripples.push(ripple); - }; - - // add initial ripple, after this we deal with the sub-ripples. - addRipple(x, y); - - while (bounces > 0) { - bounces--; - let prevRipples = nextRipples; - nextRipples = []; - - for (let i in prevRipples) { - let prevX = prevRipples[i].x; - let prevY = prevRipples[i].y; - addRipple(prevX, -prevY); - addRipple(-prevX, prevY); - addRipple((2*this.canvas.width)-prevX, prevY); - addRipple(prevX, (2*this.canvas.height)-prevY); - } - } - } - - // playerRipplesState returns a mapping of rippleID -> boolean, where each - // boolean indicates the ripple's relation to the player at the moment. true - // indicates the player is outside the ripple, false indicates the player is - // within the ripple. - playerRipplesState() { - let state = {}; - for (let i in this.ripples) { - let ripple = this.ripples[i]; - let rippleRadius = ripple.radius(this.currTick); - let hs = Math.pow(ripple.x-this.player.x, 2) + Math.pow(ripple.y-this.player.y, 2); - state[ripple.id] = hs > Math.pow(rippleRadius + playerRadius, 2); - } - return state; - } - - playerHasJumpedOverRipple(prev, curr) { - for (const rippleID in prev) { - if (!curr.hasOwnProperty(rippleID)) continue; - if (curr[rippleID] != prev[rippleID]) return true; - } - return false; - } - - update() { - if (this.state != 'play') return; - - let playerPrevZ = this.player.z; - this.player.act(); - - if (playerPrevZ == 0 && this.player.z > 0) { - // player has jumped - this.prevPlayerRipplesState = this.playerRipplesState(); - - } else if (playerPrevZ > 0 && this.player.z == 0) { - - // player has landed, don't produce a ripple unless there are no - // existing ripples or the player jumped over an existing one. - if ( - this.ripples.length == 0 || - this.playerHasJumpedOverRipple( - this.prevPlayerRipplesState, - this.playerRipplesState() - ) - ) { - let bounces = Math.floor((this.player.lastJumpHeight*1.8)+1); - console.log("spawning ripple with bounces:", bounces); - this.newRipple(this.player.x, this.player.y, bounces); - this.score += bounces; - } - } - - if (this.player.z == 0) { - for (let i in this.ripples) { - let ripple = this.ripples[i]; - let rippleRadius = ripple.radius(this.currTick); - if (rippleRadius < playerRadius * 1.5) continue; - let hs = Math.pow(ripple.x-this.player.x, 2) + Math.pow(ripple.y-this.player.y, 2); - if (hs > Math.pow(rippleRadius + playerRadius, 2)) { - continue; - } else if (hs <= Math.pow(rippleRadius - playerRadius, 2)) { - continue; - } else { - console.log("game over", ripple); - ripple.winner = true; - this.player.loser = true; - this.state = 'gameOver'; - // deliberately don't break here, in case multiple ripples hit - // the player on the same frame - } - } - } - - this.ripples = this.ripples.filter(ripple => !ripple.canGC(this.currTick)); - - this.currTick++; - } - - draw() { - this.ctx.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height); - this.ripples.forEach(ripple => ripple.draw(this.ctx, this.currTick)); - this.player.draw(this.ctx) - this.scoreEl.innerHTML = this.score; - } -} - - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -let game = new Game(canvas, document.getElementById("score")); - -function reset() { - game = new Game(canvas, document.getElementById("score")); -} - -function nextFrame() { - if (game.shouldReset()) reset(); - - game.update() - game.draw() - requestAnimationFrame(nextFrame); -} -requestAnimationFrame(nextFrame); - -canvas.focus(); - -</script> - -## Changelog - -There's been two major changes to the mechanics of the game since the previous -version: - -* A new ripple is created _only_ if there are no ripples on the field already, - or if the player has jumped over an existing ripple. - -* The score is increased only if a ripple is created, and is increased by the - number of bounces off the wall that ripple will have. Put another way, the - score is increased based on how high you jump. - -Other small changes include: - -* Ripple growth rate has been modified. It's now harder for a player to run into - the ripple they just created. - -* Ripple thickness indicates how many bounces are left in the ripple. This was - the case previously, but it's been made more obvious. - -* Small performance improvements. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-22-composing-processes-into-a-static-binary-with-nix.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-04-22-composing-processes-into-a-static-binary-with-nix.md deleted file mode 100644 index ebc0f7b..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-22-composing-processes-into-a-static-binary-with-nix.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,249 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Composing Processes Into a Static Binary With Nix -description: >- - Goodbye, docker-compose! -tags: tech ---- - -It's pretty frequent that one wants to use a project that requires multiple -processes running. For example, a small web api which uses some database to -store data in, or a networking utility which has some monitoring process which -can be run alongside it. - -In these cases it's extremely helpful to be able to compose these disparate -processes together into a single process. From the user's perspective it's much -nicer to only have to manage one process (even if it has hidden child -processes). From a dev's perspective the alternatives are: finding libraries in -the same language which do the disparate tasks and composing them into the same -process via import, or (if such libraries don't exist, which is likely) -rewriting the functionality of all processes into a new, monolithic project -which does everything; a huge waste of effort! - -## docker-compose - -A tool I've used before for process composition is -[docker-compose][docker-compose]. While it works well for composition, it -suffers from the same issues docker in general suffers from: annoying networking -quirks, a questionable security model, and the need to run the docker daemon. -While these issues are generally surmountable for a developer or sysadmin, they -are not suitable for a general-purpose project which will be shipped to average -users. - -## nix-bundle - -Enter [nix-bundle][nix-bundle]. This tools will take any [nix][nix] derivation -and construct a single static binary out of it, a la [AppImage][appimage]. -Combined with a process management tool like [circus][circus], nix-bundle -becomes a very useful tool for composing processes together! - -To demonstrate this, we'll be looking at putting together a project I wrote -called [markov][markov], a simple REST API for building [markov -chains][markov-chain] which is written in [go][golang] and backed by -[redis][redis]. - -## Step 1: Building Individual Components - -Step one is to get [markov][markov] and its dependencies into a state where it -can be run with [nix][nix]. Doing this is fairly simple, we merely use the -`buildGoModule` function: - -``` -pkgs.buildGoModule { - pname = "markov"; - version = "618b666484566de71f2d59114d011ff4621cf375"; - src = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "mediocregopher"; - repo = "markov"; - rev = "618b666484566de71f2d59114d011ff4621cf375"; - sha256 = "1sx9dr1q3vr3q8nyx3965x6259iyl85591vx815g1xacygv4i4fg"; - }; - vendorSha256 = "048wygrmv26fsnypsp6vxf89z3j0gs9f1w4i63khx7h134yxhbc6"; -} -``` - -This expression results in a derivation which places the markov binary at -`bin/markov`. - -The other component we need to run markov is [redis][redis], which conveniently -is already packaged in nixpkgs as `pkg.redis`. - -## Step 2: Composing Using Circus - -[Circus][circus] can be configured to run multiple processes at the same time. -It will collect the stdout/stderr logs of these processes and combine them into -a single stream, or write them to log files. If any processes fail circus will -automatically restart them. It has a simple configuration and is, overall, a -great tool for a simple project like this. - -Circus also comes pre-packed in nixpkgs, so we don't need to do anything to -actually build it. We only need to configure it. To do this we'll write a bash -script which generates the configuration on-the-fly, and then runs the process -with that configuration. - -This script is going to act as the "frontend" for our eventual static binary; -the user will pass in configuration parameters to this script, and this script -will translate those into the appropriate configuration for all sub-process -(markov, redis, circus). For this demo we won't go nuts with the configuration, -we'll just expose the following: - -* `MARKOV_LISTEN_ADDR`: Address REST API will listen on (defaults to - `localhost:8000`). - -* `MARKOV_TIMEOUT`: Expiration time of each link of the chain (defaults to 720 - hours). - -* `MARKOV_DATA_DIR`: Directory where data will be stored (defaults to current - working directory). - -The bash script will take these params in as environment variables. The nix -expression to generate the bash script, which we'll call our entrypoint script, -will look like this (assumes that the expression to generate `bin/markov`, -defined above, is set to the `markov` variable): - -``` -pkgs.writeScriptBin "markov" '' - #!${pkgs.stdenv.shell} - - # On every run we create new, temporary, configuration files for redis and - # circus. To do this we create a new config directory. - markovCfgDir=$(${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/mktemp -d) - echo "generating configuration to $markovCfgDir" - - cat >$markovCfgDir/redis.conf <<EOF - save "" - dir "''${MARKOV_DATA_DIR:-$(pwd)}" - appendonly yes - appendfilename "markov.data" - EOF - - cat >$markovCfgDir/circus.ini <<EOF - - [circus] - - [watcher:markov] - cmd = ${markov}/bin/markov \ - -listenAddr ''${MARKOV_LISTEN_ADDR:-localhost:8000} \ - -timeout ''${MARKOV_TIMEOUT:-720} - numprocesses = 1 - - [watcher:redis] - cmd = ${pkgs.redis}/bin/redis-server $markovCfgDir/redis.conf - numprocesses = 1 - EOF - - exec ${pkgs.circus}/bin/circusd $markovCfgDir/circus.ini -''; -``` - -By `nix-build`ing this expression we end up with a derivation with -`bin/markov`, and running that should result in the following output: - -``` -generating configuration to markov.VLMPwqY -2021-04-22 09:27:56 circus[181906] [INFO] Starting master on pid 181906 -2021-04-22 09:27:56 circus[181906] [INFO] Arbiter now waiting for commands -2021-04-22 09:27:56 circus[181906] [INFO] markov started -2021-04-22 09:27:56 circus[181906] [INFO] redis started -181923:C 22 Apr 2021 09:27:56.063 # oO0OoO0OoO0Oo Redis is starting oO0OoO0OoO0Oo -181923:C 22 Apr 2021 09:27:56.063 # Redis version=6.0.6, bits=64, commit=00000000, modified=0, pid=181923, just started -181923:C 22 Apr 2021 09:27:56.063 # Configuration loaded -... -``` - -The `markov` server process doesn't have many logs, unfortunately, but redis' -logs at least work well, and doing a `curl localhost:8000` results in the -response from the `markov` server. - -At this point our processes are composed using circus, let's now bundle it all -into a single static binary! - -## Step 3: nix-bundle - -The next step is to run [nix-bundle][nix-bundle] on the entrypoint expression, -and nix-bundle will compile all dependencies (including markov, redis, and -circus) into a single archive file, and make that file executable. When the -archive is executed it will run our entrypoint script directly. - -Getting nix-bundle is very easy, just use nix-shell! - -``` -nix-shell -p nix-bundle -``` - -This will open a shell where the `nix-bundle` binary is available on your path. -From there just run the following to construct the binary (this assumes that the -nix code described so far is stored in `markov.nix`, the full source of which -will be linked to at the end of this post): - -``` -nix-bundle '((import ./markov.nix) {}).entrypoint' '/bin/markov' -``` - -The resulting binary is called `markov`, and is 89MB. The size is a bit jarring, -considering the simplicity of the functionality, but it could probably be -trimmed by using a different process manager than circus (which requires -bundling an entire python runtime into the binary). - -Running the binary directly as `./markov` produces the same result as when we -ran the entrypoint script earlier. Success! We have bundled multiple existing -processes into a single, opaque, static binary. Installation of this binary is -now as easy as copying it to any linux machine and running it. - -## Bonus Step: nix'ing nix-bundle - -Installing and running [nix-bundle][nix-bundle] manually is _fine_, but it'd be even better if -that was defined as part of our nix setup as well. That way any new person -wouldn't have to worry about that step, and still get the same deterministic -output from the build. - -Unfortunately, we can't actually run `nix-bundle` from within a nix build -derivation, as it requires access to the nix store and that can't be done (or at -least I'm not on that level yet). So instead we'll have to settle for defining -the `nix-bundle` binary in nix and then using a `Makefile` to call it. - -Defining a `nix-bundle` expression is easy enough: - -``` - nixBundleSrc = pkgs.fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "matthewbauer"; - repo = "nix-bundle"; - rev = "8e396533ef8f3e8a769037476824d668409b4a74"; - sha256 = "1lrq0990p07av42xz203w64abv2rz9xd8jrzxyvzzwj7vjj7qwyw"; - }; - - nixBundle = (import "${nixBundleSrc}/release.nix") { - nixpkgs' = pkgs; - }; -``` - -Then the Makefile: - -```make -bundle: - nix-build markov.nix -A nixBundle - ./result/bin/nix-bundle '((import ./markov.nix) {}).entrypoint' '/bin/markov' -``` - -Now all a developer needs to rebuild the project is to do `make` within the -directory, while also having nix set up. The result will be a deterministically -built, static binary, encompassing multiple processes which will all work -together behind the scenes. This static binary can be copied to any linux -machine and run there without any further installation steps. - -How neat is that! - -The final source files used for this project can be found below: - -* [markov.nix](/assets/markov/markov.nix.html) -* [Makefile](/assets/markov/Makefile.html) - -[nix]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/ -[nix-bundle]: https://github.com/matthewbauer/nix-bundle -[docker-compose]: https://docs.docker.com/compose/ -[appimage]: https://appimage.org/ -[circus]: https://circus.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ -[markov]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/markov -[markov-chain]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain -[golang]: https://golang.org/ -[redis]: https://redis.io/ diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-27-loops-in-ginger.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-04-27-loops-in-ginger.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2b0433c..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-04-27-loops-in-ginger.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,223 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Loops in Ginger -description: >- - Bringing it back around. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -In previous posts in this series I went over the general idea of the ginger -programming language, and some of its properties. To recap: - -* Ginger is a programming language whose syntax defines a directed graph, in the - same way that a LISP language's syntax defines nested lists. - -* Graph edges indicate an operation, while nodes indicate a value. - -* The special values `in` and `out` are used when interpreting a graph as a - function. - -* A special node type, the tuple, is defined as being a node whose value is an - ordered set of input edges. - -* Another special node type, the fork, is the complement to the tuple. A fork is - defined as being a node whose value is an ordered set of output edges. - -* The special `if` operation accepts a 2-tuple, the first value being some state - value and the second being a tuple. The `if` operation expects to be directed - towards a 2-fork. If the boolean is true then the top output edge of the fork - is taken, otherwise the bottom is taken. The state value is what's passed to - the taken edge. - -There were some other detail rules but I don't remember them off the top of my -head. - -## Loops - -Today I'd like to go over my ideas for how loops would work in ginger. With -loops established ginger would officially be a Turing complete language and, -given time and energy, real work could actually begin on it. - -As with conditionals I'll start by establishing a base example. Let's say we'd -like to define an operation which prints out numbers from 0 up to `n`, where `n` -is given as an argument. In go this would look like: - -```go -func printRange(n int) int { - for i := 0; i < n; i++ { - fmt.Println(i) - } -} -``` - -With that established, let's start looking at different patterns. - -## Goto - -In the olden days the primary looping construct was `goto`, which essentially -teleports the program counter (aka instruction pointer) to another place in the -execution stack. Pretty much any other looping construct can be derived from -`goto` and some kind of conditional, so it's a good starting place when -considering loops in ginger. - -``` -(in -println-> } -incr-> out) -> println-incr - -0 -> } -> } -if-> { -> out -in -> } -eq-> } { -> } -upd-> } -+ - ^ 0 -> } | - | println-incr -> } | - | | - +--------------------------------+ -``` - -(Note: the `upd` operation is used here for convenience. It takes in three -arguments: A tuple, an index, and an operation. It applies the operation to the -tuple element at the given index, and returns a new tuple with that index set to -the value returned.) - -Here `goto` is performed using a literal arrow going from the right to left. -it's ugly and hard to write, and would only be moreso the more possible gotos an -operation has. - -It also complicates our graphs in a significant way: up till now ginger graphs -have have always been directed _acyclic_ graphs (DAGs), but by introducing this -construct we allow that graphs might be cyclic. It's not immediately clear to me -what the consequences of this will be, but I'm sure they will be great. If -nothign else it will make the compiler much more complex, as each value can no -longer be defined in terms of its input edge, as that edge might resolve back to -the value itself. - -While conceptually sound, I think this strategy fails the practability test. We -can do better. - -## While - -The `while` construct is the basic looping primitive of iterative languages -(some call it `for`, but they're just lying to themselves). - -Try as I might, I can't come up with a way to make `while` work with ginger. -`while` ultimately relies on scoped variables being updated in place to -function, while ginger is based on the concept of pipelining a set of values -through a series of operations. From the point of view of the programmer these -operations are essentially immutable, so the requirement of a variable which can -be updated in place cannot be met. - -## Recur - -This pattern is based on how many functional languages, for example erlang, -handle looping. Rather than introducing new primitives around looping, these -language instead ensure that tail calls are properly optimized and uses those -instead. So loops are implemented as recursive function calls. - -For ginger to do this it would make sense to introduce a new special value, -`recur`, which could be used alongside `in` and `out` within operations. When -the execution path hits a `recur` then it gets teleported back to the `in` -value, with the input to `recur` now being the output from `in`. Usage of it -would look like: - -``` -( - - (in -println-> } -incr-> out) -> println-incr - - in -> } -if-> { -> out - in -eq-> } { -> } -upd-> } -> recur - 0 -> } - println-incr -> } - -) -> inner-op - -0 -> } -inner-op-> out -in -> } -``` - -This looks pretty similar to the `goto` example overall, but with the major -difference that the looping body had to be wrapped into an inner operation. The -reason for this is that the outer operation only takes in one argument, `n`, but -the loop actually needs two pieces of state to function: `n` and the current -value. So the inner operation loops over these two pieces of state, and the -outer operation supplies `n` and an initial iteration value (`0`) to that inner -operation. - -This seems cumbersome on the surface, but what other languages do (such as -erlang, which is the one I'm most familiar with) is to provide built-in macros -on top of this primitive which make it more pleasant to use. These include -function polymorphism and a more familiar `for` construct. With a decent macro -capability ginger could do the same. - -The benefits here are that the graphs remain acyclic, and the syntax has not -been made more cumbersome. It follows conventions established by other -languages, and ensures the language will be capable of tail-recursion. - -## Map/Reduce - -Another functional strategy which is useful is that of the map/reduce power -couple. The `map` operation takes a sequence of values and an operation, and -returns a sequence of the same length where the operation has been applied to -each value in the original sequence individually. The `reduce` operation is more -complicated (and not necessary for out example), but it's essentially a -mechanism to turn a sequence of values into a single value. - -For our example we only need `map`, plus one more helper operation: `range`. -`range` takes a number `n` and returns a sequence of numbers starting at `0` and -ending at `n-1`. Our print example now looks like: - -``` -in -range-> } -map-> out - println -> } -``` - -Very simple! Map/reduce is a well established pattern and is probably the -best way to construct functional programs. However, the question remains whether -these are the best _primitives_ for looping, and I don't believe they are. Both -`map` and `reduce` can be derived from conditional and looping primitives like -`if` and `recur`, and they can't do some things that those primitives can. While - - -I expect one of the first things which will be done in ginger is to define `map` -and `reduce` in terms of `if` and a looping primitive, and use them generously -throughout the code, I think the fact that they can be defined in terms of -lower-level primitives indicates that they aren't the right looping primitives -for ginger. - -## Conclusion - -Unlike with the conditionals posts, where I started out not really knowing what -I wanted to do with conditionals, I more or less knew where this post was going -from the beginning. `recur` is, in my mind, the best primitive for looping in -ginger. It provides the flexibility to be extended to any use-case, while not -complicating the structure of the language. While possibly cumbersome to -implement directly, `recur` can be used as a primitive to construct more -convenient looping operations like `map` and `reduce`. - -As a final treat (lucky you!), here's `map` defined using `if` and `recur`: - -``` -( - in -0-> mapped-seq - in -1-> orig-seq - in -2-> op - - mapped-seq -len-> i - - mapped-seq -> } -if-> { -> out - orig-seq -len-> } -eq-> } { -> } -append-> } -> recur - i -> } } } - } } - orig-seq -i-> } -op-> } } - } - orig-seq -> } - op -> } -) -> inner-map - - () -> } -inner-map-> out -in -0-> } -in -1-> } -``` - -The next step for ginger is going to be writing an actual implementation of the -graph structure in some other language (let's be honest, it'll be in go). After -that we'll need a syntax definition which can be used to encode/decode that -structure, and from there we can start actually implementing the language! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-02-nfts.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-05-02-nfts.md deleted file mode 100644 index a3871b1..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-02-nfts.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,349 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - NFTs -description: >- - Some thoughts about. -tags: tech crypto ---- - -NFT stands for "non-fungible token". The "token" part refers to an NFT being a -token whose ownership is recorded on a blockchain. Pretty much all -cryptocurrencies, from bitcoin to your favorite shitcoin, could be called tokens -in this sense. Each token has exactly one owner, and ownership of the token can -be transferred from one wallet to another via a transaction on the blockchain. - -What sets an NFT apart from a cryptocurrency is the "non-fungible" part. -Cryptocurrency tokens are fungible; one bitcoin is the same as any other bitoin -(according to the protocol, at least), in the same way as one US dollar holds as -much value as any other US dollar. Fungibility is the property of two units of -something being exactly interchangeable. - -NFTs are _not_ fungible. One is not the same as any other. Each has some piece -of data attached to it, and each is recorded separately on a blockchain as an -individual token. You can think of an NFT as a unique cryptocurrency which has a -supply of 1 and can't be divided. - -Depending on the protocol used to produce an NFT, the data attached to it might -be completely independent of its identity, even. It may be possible to produce -two NFTs with the exact same data attached to them (again, depending on the -protocol used), but even so those two NFTs will be independent and not -interchangeable. - -## FUD - -Before getting into why NFTs are interesting, I want to first address some -common criticism I see of them online (aka, in my twitter feed). The most -common, and unfortunately least legitimate, criticism has to do with the -environmental impact of NFTs. While the impact on energy usage and the -environment when talking about bitcoin is a topic worth going into, bitcoin -doesn't support hosting NFTs and therefore that topic is irrelevant here. - -Most NFTs are hosted on ethereum, which does have a comparable energy footprint -to bitcoin (it's somewhat less than half, according to the internet). _However_, -ethereum is taking actual, concrete steps towards changing its consensus -mechanism from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS), which will cut the -energy usage of the network down to essentially nothing. The rollout plan for -Ethereum PoS covers the next couple of years, and after that we don't really -have to worry about the energy usage of NFTs any longer. - -The other big criticism I hear is about the value and nature of art and what the -impact of NFTs are in that area. I'm going to talk more about this in this post, -but, simply put, I don't think that the value and nature of art are immutable, -anymore than the form of art is immutable. Perhaps NFTs _will_ change art, but -change isn't bad in itself, and furthermore I don't think they will actually -change it all that much. People will still produce art, it's only the -distribution mechanism that might change. - -## Real, Useful, Boring Things - -Most of the coverage around NFTs has to do with using them to represent -collectibles and art. I'd like to start by talking about other use-cases, those -where NFTs are actually "useful" (in the dull, practical sense). - -Each NFT can carry some piece of data along with it. This data can be anything, -but for a practical use-case it needs to be something which indicates ownership -of some internet good. It _cannot_ be the good itself. For example, an NFT which -contains an image does not really convey the ownership of that image; anyone can -copy the image data and own that image as well (intellectual property rights be -damned!). - -A real use-case for NFTs which I'm already, if accidentally, taking advantage -of, is domain name registration. I am the proud owner of the -[mediocregopher.eth][ens] domain name (the `.eth` TLD is not yet in wide usage -in browsers, but one day!). The domain name's ownership is indicated by an NFT: -whoever holds that NFT, which I currently do, has the right to change all -information attached to the `mediocregopher.eth` domain. If I want to sell the -domain all I need to do is sell the NFT, which can be done via an ethereum -transaction. - -Domain names work well for NFTs because knowing the data attached to the NFT -doesn't actually do anything for you. It's the actual _ownership_ of the NFT -which unlocks value. And I think this is the key rule for where to look to apply -NFTs to practical use-cases: the ownership of the NFT has to unlock some -functionality, not the data attached to it. The functionality has to be digital -in nature, as well, as anything related to the physical world is not as easily -guaranteed. - -I haven't thought of many further practical use-cases of NFTs, but we're still -in early stages and I'm sure more will come up. In any case, the practical stuff -is boring, let's talk about art. - -[ens]: https://nfton.me/nft/0x57f1887a8bf19b14fc0df6fd9b2acc9af147ea85/7558304748055753202351203668187280010336475031529884349040105080320604507070 - -## Art, Memes, and All Wonderful Things - -For many the most baffling aspect of NFTs is their use as collectibles. Indeed, -their use as collectibles is their _primary_ use right now, even though these -collectibles procur no practical value for their owner; at best they are -speculative goods, small gambles, and at worst just a complete waste of money. -How can this be? - -The curmudgeons of the world would have you believe that money is only worth -spending on goods which offer practical value. If the good is neither consumable -in a way which meets a basic need, nor produces other goods of further value, -then it is worthless. Obviously NFTs fall into the "worthless" category. - -Unfortunately for them, the curmudgeons don't live in reality. People spend -their money on stupid, pointless shit all the time. I'm prepared to argue that -people almost exclusively spend their money on stupid, pointless shit. The -monetary value of a good has very little to do with its ability to meet a basic -necessity or its ability to produce value (whatever that even really means), and -more to do with how owning the shiny thing or doing the fun thing makes us -stupid monkeys very happy (for a time). - -Rather than bemoan NFTs, and our simple irrationality which makes them -desirable, let's embrace them as a new tool for expressing our irrationality to -the world, a tool which we have yet to fully explore. - -### A Moment Captured - -It's 1857 and Jean-François Millet reveals to the world what would become one of -his best known works: _The Gleaners_. - -{% include image.html dir="nfts" file="gleaners.jpg" width=5354 %} - -The painting depicts three peasants gleaning a field, the bulk of their harvest -already stacked high in the background. The [wikipedia entry][gleaners] has this -to say about the painting's eventual final sale: - -> In 1889, the painting, then owned by banker Ferdinand Bischoffsheim, sold for -> 300,000 francs at auction. The buyer remained anonymous, but rumours were -> that the painting was coveted by an American buyer. It was announced less than -> a week later that Champagne maker Jeanne-Alexandrine Louise Pommery had -> acquired the piece, which silenced gossip on her supposed financial issues -> after leaving her grapes on the vines weeks longer than her competitors. - -I think we can all breathe a sigh of relief for Jeanne-Alexandrine. - -I'd like to talk about _why_ this painting was worth 300k francs, and really -what makes art valuable at all (aside from the money laundering and tax evasion -that high-value art enables). Millet didn't merely take a picture using paints -and canvas, an exact replica of what his eyes could see. It's doubtful this -scene ever played out in reality, exactly as depicted, at all! It existed only -within Millet himself. - -In _The Gleaners_ Millet captured far more than an image: the image itself -conveys the struggle of a humble life, the joy of the harvest, the history of -the french peasantry (and therefore the other french societal classes as well), -the vastness of the world compared to our little selves, and surely many other -things, each dependant on the viewer. The image conveys emotions, and most -importantly it conveys emotions captured at a particular moment, a moment which -no longer exists and will never exist again. The capturing of such a moment by -an artist capable of doing it some justice, so others can experience it to any -significant degree far into the future, is a rare event. - -Access to that rare moment is what is being purchased for 300k francs. We refer -to the painting as the "original", but really the painting is only the -first-hand reproduction of the moment, which is the true original, and proximity -to the true original is what is being purchased. All other reproductions must be -based on this first-hand one (be they photographs or painted copies), and are -therefore second and third-hand. - -Consider the value of a concert ticket; it is based on both how much in demand -the performance is, how close to the performance the seating section is, and how -many seats in that section there are. When one purchases the "original" _The -Gleaners_, one is purchasing a front-row ticket to a world-class performance at -a venue with only one seat. That is why it was worth 300k francs. - -I have one final thing to say here and then I'll move onto the topic at hand: -the history of the work compounds its value as well. _The Gleaners_ conveys an -emotion, but knowing the critical reaction of the french elite at its first -unveiling can add to that emotion. - -Again, from the [wiki entry][gleaners]: - -> Millet's The Gleaners was also not perceived well due to its large size, 33 -> inches by 44 inches, or 84 by 112 centimetres. This was large for a painting -> depicting labor. Normally this size of a canvas was reserved for religious or -> mythological style paintings. Millet's work did not depict anything -> religiously affiliated, nor was there any reference to any mythological -> beliefs. The painting illustrated a realistic view of poverty and the working -> class. One critic commented that "his three gleaners have gigantic -> pretensions, they pose as the Three Fates of Poverty...their ugliness and -> their grossness unrelieved." - -Now scroll back up and see if you don't now have more affinity for the painting -than before you knew that. If so, then the face value just went up, just a -little bit. - -[gleaners]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners - -### The Value of an NFT - -With this acknowledgement of _why_ people desire art, we can understand why they -would want an NFT depicting an artwork. - -A few days ago an NFT of this image sold for almost $500k: - -{% include image.html dir="nfts" file="disaster-girl.jpg" width=2560 %} - -Most of the internet knows this image as _Disaster Girl_, a meme which has been -around since time immemorial (from the internet's perspective, anyway, in -reality it was taken in 2007). The moment captured is funny, the girl in the -image smiling as if she had set the fire which blazes in the background. But, as -with _The Gleaners_, the image itself isn't everything. The countless usages of -the image, the original and all of its remixes, all passed around as memes on -the internet for the past 14 years, have all worked to add to the image's -demand. _Disaster Girl_ is no longer just a funny picture or a versatile meme -format, it's a piece of human history and nostalgia. - -Unlike physical paintings, however, internet memes are imminently copyable. If -they weren't they could hardly function as memes! We can only have one -"original" _The Gleaners_, but anyone with a computer can have an exact, perfect -copy of the original _Disaster Girl_, such that there's no true original. But if -I were to put up an NFT of _Disaster Girl_ for sale, I wouldn't get a damned -penny for it (probably). Why was that version apparently worth $500k? - -The reason is that the seller is the girl in the image herself, now 21 years old -and in college. I have no particular connection to _Disaster Girl_, so buying an -NFT from me would be like buying a print of _The Gleaners_ off some rando in the -street; just a shallow copy, worth only the material it's printed on plus some -labor, and nothing more. But when Disaster Girl herself sells the NFT, then the -buyer is actually part of the moment, they are entering themselves into the -history of this meme that the whole world has taken a part in for the last 14 -years! $500k isn't so unreasonable in that light. - -### Property on the Internet - -I don't make it a secret that I consider "intellectual property" to be a giant -fucking scam that the world has unfortunately bought into. Data, be it a -physical book or a digital file, is essentially free to copy, and so any price -placed on the copying or sharing of knowledge is purely artificial. But we don't -have an alternate mechanism for paying producers of knowledge and art, and so we -continue to treat data as property even though it bears absolutely no -resemblance to anything of the kind. - -Disaster Girl has not, to my knowledge, asserted any property rights on the -image of herself. Doing so in any real sense, beyond going after a handful of -high-value targets who might settle a lawsuit, is simply not a feasible option. -Instead, by selling an NFT, Disaster Girl has been compensated for her labor -(meager as it was) in a way which was proportional to its impact on the world, -all without the invocation of the law. A great success! - -Actually, the labor was performed by Disaster Girl's father, who took the -original image and sent it into a photo contest or something. What would have -happened if the NFT was sold in his name? I imagine that it would not have sold -for nearly as much. This makes sense to me, even if it does not make sense from -a purely economical point of view. Disaster Girl's father did the work in the -moment, but being a notable figure to the general public is its own kind of -labor, and it's likely that his daughter has born the larger burden over time. -The same logic applies to why we pay our movie stars absurd amounts even while -the crew makes a "normal" wage. - -Should the father not then get compensated at all? I think he should, and I -think he could! If he were to produce an NFT of his own, of the exact same -image, it would also fetch a decent price. Probably not 6 figures, possibly not -even 4, but considering the actual contribution he made (taking a picture and -uploading it), I think the price would be fair. How many photographers get paid -anything at all for their off-hand pictures of family outings? - -And this is the point I'd like to make: an NFT's price, like in all art, is -proportional to the distance to the moment captured. The beauty is that this -distance is purely subjective; it is judged not by rules set down in law by -fallable lawyers, but instead by the public at large. It is, in essence, a -democritization of intellectual property disputes. If multiple people claim to -having produced a single work, let them all produce an NFT, and the market will -decide what each of their work is worth. - -Will the market ever be wrong? Certainly. But will it distribute the worth more -incorrectly than our current system, where artists must sell their rights to a -large publisher in order to see a meager profit, while the publisher rakes in -the vastly larger share? I sincerely doubt it. - -### Content Creation - -Another interesting mechanism of NFTs is that some platforms (e.g. -[Rarible][rarible]) allow the seller to attach a royalty percentage to the NFT -being solde. When this is done it means the original seller will receive some -percentage of all future sales of that NFT. - -I think this opens some interesting possibilities for content creators. Normally -a content creator would need to sell ads or subscriptions in order to profit -from their content, but if they instead/in addition sell NFTs associated with -their content (e.g. one per episode of their youtube show) they can add another -revenue stream. As their show, or whatever, begins to take off, older NFTs -become more valuable, and the content creator can take advantage of that new -increased value via royalties set on the NFTs. - -There's some further interesting side-effects that come from using NFTs in this -way. If a creator releases a work, and a corresponding NFT for that work, their -incentive is no longer to gate access to that work (as it would be in our -current IP system) or burden the work with advertisements and pleas for -subscriptions/donations. There's an entirely new goalpost for the creator: -actual value to others. - -The value of the NFT is based entirely and arbitrarily on other's feelings -towards the original work, and so it is in the creator's interest to increase -the visibility and virality of the work. We can expect a creator who has sold an -NFT for a work, with royalties attached, to actively ensure there is as -little gatekeeping around the work as possible, and to create work which is -completely platform-agnostic and available absolutely everywhere. Releasing a -work as public-domain could even become a norm, should NFTs prove more -profitable than other revenue streams. - -### Shill Gang - -While the content creator's relationship with their platform(s) will change -drastically, I also expect that their relationship with their fans, or really -their fan's relationship with the creator's work, will change even more. Fans -are no longer passive viewers, they can have an actual investment in a work's -success. Where fans currently shill their favorite show or game or whatever out -of love, they can now also do it for personal profit. I think this is the worst -possible externality of NFTs I've encountered: internet fandom becoming orders -of magnitude more fierce and unbearable, as they relentlessly shill their -investments to the world at large. - -There is one good thing to come out of this new fan/content relationship though, -and that's the fan's role in distribution and preservation of work. Since fans -now have a financial incentive to see a work persist into the future, they will -take it upon themselves to ensure that the works won't accidentally fall off the -face of the internet (as things often do). This can be difficult currently since -work is often tied down with IP restrictions, but, as we've established, work -which uses NFTs for revenue is incentivized to _not_ tie itself down in any way, -so fans will have much more freedom in this respect. - -[rarible]: https://rarible.com/ - -### Art - -It seems unlikely to me that art will cease to be created, or cease to be -valuable. The human creative instinct comes prior to money, and we have always -created art regardless of economic concerns. It's true that the nature of our -art changes according to economics (don't forget to hit that "Follow" button at -the top!), but if anything I think NFTs can change our art for the better. Our -work can be more to the point, more accessible, and less encumbered by legal -bullshit. - -## Fin - -That crypto cat is out of the bag, at this point, and I doubt if there's -anything that can put it back. The world has never before had the tools that -cryptocurrency and related technologies (like NFTs) offer, and our lives will -surely change as new uses of these tools make themselves apparent. I've tried to -extrapolate some uses and changes that could come out of NFTs here, but I have -no doubt that I've missed or mistook some. - -It's my hope that this post has at least offered some food-for-thought related -to NFTs, beyond the endless hot takes and hype that can be found on social -media, and that the reader can now have a bigger picture view of NFTs and where -they might take us as a society, should we embrace them. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-11-ripple-v3.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-05-11-ripple-v3.md deleted file mode 100644 index 396dab0..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-11-ripple-v3.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,442 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ripple V3 -description: >- - We're getting there! -tags: tech -series: ripple ---- - -<p> - <b>Movement:</b> Arrow keys or WASD<br/> - <b>Jump:</b> Space<br/> - <b>Goal:</b> Jump as many times as possible without touching a ripple!<br/> - <br/> - <b>Press Jump To Begin!</b> -</p> - -_Who can make the muddy water clear?<br/> -Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear._ - -<canvas id="canvas" - style="border:1px dashed #AAA" - tabindex=0> -Your browser doesn't support canvas. At this point in the world that's actually -pretty cool, well done! -</canvas> -<button onclick="reset()">(R)eset</button> -<span style="font-size: 2rem; margin-left: 1rem;">Score: - <span style="font-weight: bold" id="score">0</span> -</span> - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -const palette = [ - "#264653", - "#2A9D8F", - "#E9C46A", - "#F4A261", - "#E76F51", -]; - -const width = 800; -const height = 600; - -function hypotenuse(w, h) { - return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(w, 2) + Math.pow(h, 2)); -} - -let canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); -canvas.width = width; -canvas.height = height; - -const whitelistedKeys = { - "ArrowUp": {}, - "KeyW": {map: "ArrowUp"}, - "ArrowLeft": {}, - "KeyA": {map: "ArrowLeft"}, - "ArrowRight": {}, - "KeyD": {map: "ArrowRight"}, - "ArrowDown": {}, - "KeyS": {map: "ArrowDown"}, - "Space": {}, - "KeyR": {}, -}; - -let keyboard = {}; - -canvas.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - keyboard[code] = true; -}); - -canvas.addEventListener('keyup', (event) => { - let keyInfo = whitelistedKeys[event.code]; - if (!keyInfo) return; - - let code = event.code; - if (keyInfo.map) code = keyInfo.map; - - event.preventDefault(); - delete keyboard[code]; -}); - - -const C = 700; // scales the overall speed of the radius -const T = 500; // on which tick the radius change becomes linear - -/* - f(x) = sqrt(C*x) when x < T - (C/(2*sqrt(CT)))(x-T) + sqrt(CT) when x >= T - - radius(x) = f(x) + playerRadius; -*/ - -const F1 = (x) => Math.sqrt(C*x); -const F2C1 = C / (2 * Math.sqrt(C*T)); -const F2C2 = Math.sqrt(C * T); -const F2 = (x) => (F2C1 * (x - T)) + F2C2; -const F = (x) => { - if (x < T) return F1(x); - return F2(x); -}; - -class Ripple { - - constructor(id, currTick, x, y, bounces, color) { - this.id = id; - this.tick = currTick; - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.thickness = Math.pow(bounces+1, 1.25); - this.color = color; - this.winner = false; - - this.maxRadius = hypotenuse(x, y); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(x, height-y)); - this.maxRadius = Math.max(this.maxRadius, hypotenuse(width-x, height-y)); - } - - radius(currTick) { - const x = currTick - this.tick; - return F(x) + playerRadius; - } - - draw(ctx, currTick) { - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius(currTick), 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = this.thickness; - ctx.strokeStyle = this.winner ? "#FF0000" : this.color; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - canGC(currTick) { - return this.radius(currTick) > this.maxRadius; - } -} - -const playerRadius = 10; -const playerMoveAccel = 0.5; -const playerMoveDecel = 0.7; -const playerMaxMoveSpeed = 4; -const playerJumpSpeed = 0.08; -const playerMaxHeight = 1; -const playerGravity = 0.01; - -class Player{ - - constructor(x, y, color) { - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - this.z = 0; - this.xVelocity = 0; - this.yVelocity = 0; - this.zVelocity = 0; - this.color = color; - this.falling = false; - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.loser = false; - } - - act() { - if (keyboard["ArrowUp"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowDown"]) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.yVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.yVelocity > 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.max(0, this.yVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.yVelocity < 0) { - this.yVelocity = Math.min(0, this.yVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.y += this.yVelocity; - if (this.y < 0) this.y += height; - else if (this.y > height) this.y -= height; - - if (keyboard["ArrowLeft"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(-playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity - playerMoveAccel); - } else if (keyboard["ArrowRight"]) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(playerMaxMoveSpeed, this.xVelocity + playerMoveAccel); - } else if (this.xVelocity > 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.max(0, this.xVelocity - playerMoveDecel); - } else if (this.xVelocity < 0) { - this.xVelocity = Math.min(0, this.xVelocity + playerMoveDecel); - } - - this.x += this.xVelocity; - if (this.x < 0) this.x += width; - else if (this.x > width) this.x -= width; - - let jumpHeld = keyboard["Space"]; - - if (jumpHeld && !this.falling && this.z < playerMaxHeight) { - this.lastJumpHeight = 0; - this.zVelocity = playerJumpSpeed; - } else { - this.zVelocity = Math.max(-playerJumpSpeed, this.zVelocity - playerGravity); - this.falling = this.z > 0; - } - - let prevZ = this.z; - this.z = Math.max(0, this.z + this.zVelocity); - this.lastJumpHeight = Math.max(this.z, this.lastJumpHeight); - } - - drawAt(ctx, atX, atY) { - const y = atY - (this.z * 40); - const radius = playerRadius * (this.z+1) - - // draw main - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(atX, y, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color; - ctx.fill(); - if (this.loser) { - ctx.strokeStyle = '#FF0000'; - ctx.lineWidth = 2; - ctx.stroke(); - } - - // draw shadow, if in the air - if (this.z > 0) { - let radius = Math.max(0, playerRadius * (1.2 - this.z)); - ctx.beginPath(); - ctx.arc(atX, atY, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false); - ctx.closePath(); - ctx.lineWidth = 0; - ctx.fillStyle = this.color+"33"; - ctx.fill(); - } - } - - draw(ctx) { - [-1, 0, 1].forEach((wScalar) => { - const w = width * wScalar; - [-1, 0, 1].forEach((hScalar) => { - const h = height * hScalar; - this.drawAt(ctx, this.x+w, this.y+h); - }) - }) - } -} - -class Game { - - constructor(canvas, scoreEl) { - this.currTick = 0; - this.player = new Player(width/2, height/2, palette[0]); - this.state = 'play'; - this.score = 0; - this.scoreEl = scoreEl; - this.canvas = canvas; - this.ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); - this.ripples = []; - this.nextRippleID = 0; - } - - shouldReset() { - return keyboard['KeyR']; - } - - newRippleID() { - let id = this.nextRippleID; - this.nextRippleID++; - return id; - } - - // newRipple initializes and stores a new ripple at the given coordinates, as - // well as all sub-ripples which make up the initial ripple's reflections. - newRipple(x, y, bounces, color) { - color = color ? color : palette[Math.floor(Math.random() * palette.length)]; - - let ripplePos = []; - let nextRipples = []; - - let addRipple = (x, y) => { - for (let i in ripplePos) { - if (ripplePos[i][0] == x && ripplePos[i][1] == y) return; - } - - let ripple = new Ripple(this.newRippleID(), this.currTick, x, y, bounces, color); - nextRipples.push(ripple); - ripplePos.push([x, y]); - this.ripples.push(ripple); - }; - - // add initial ripple, after this we deal with the sub-ripples. - addRipple(x, y); - - while (bounces > 0) { - bounces--; - let prevRipples = nextRipples; - nextRipples = []; - - for (let i in prevRipples) { - let prevX = prevRipples[i].x; - let prevY = prevRipples[i].y; - - [-1, 0, 1].forEach((wScalar) => { - const w = this.canvas.width * wScalar; - [-1, 0, 1].forEach((hScalar) => { - const h = this.canvas.height * hScalar; - addRipple(prevX + w, prevY + h); - }) - }) - } - } - } - - // playerRipplesState returns a mapping of rippleID -> boolean, where each - // boolean indicates the ripple's relation to the player at the moment. true - // indicates the player is outside the ripple, false indicates the player is - // within the ripple. - playerRipplesState() { - let state = {}; - for (let i in this.ripples) { - let ripple = this.ripples[i]; - let rippleRadius = ripple.radius(this.currTick); - let hs = Math.pow(ripple.x-this.player.x, 2) + Math.pow(ripple.y-this.player.y, 2); - state[ripple.id] = hs > Math.pow(rippleRadius + playerRadius, 2); - } - return state; - } - - playerHasJumpedOverRipple(prev, curr) { - for (const rippleID in prev) { - if (!curr.hasOwnProperty(rippleID)) continue; - if (curr[rippleID] != prev[rippleID]) return true; - } - return false; - } - - update() { - if (this.state != 'play') return; - - let playerPrevZ = this.player.z; - this.player.act(); - - if (playerPrevZ == 0 && this.player.z > 0) { - // player has jumped - this.prevPlayerRipplesState = this.playerRipplesState(); - - } else if (playerPrevZ > 0 && this.player.z == 0) { - - // player has landed, don't produce a ripple unless there are no - // existing ripples or the player jumped over an existing one. - if ( - this.ripples.length == 0 || - this.playerHasJumpedOverRipple( - this.prevPlayerRipplesState, - this.playerRipplesState() - ) - ) { - //let bounces = Math.floor((this.player.lastJumpHeight*1.8)+1); - const bounces = 1; - - console.log("spawning ripple with bounces:", bounces); - this.newRipple(this.player.x, this.player.y, bounces); - this.score += bounces; - } - } - - if (this.player.z == 0) { - for (let i in this.ripples) { - let ripple = this.ripples[i]; - let rippleRadius = ripple.radius(this.currTick); - if (rippleRadius < playerRadius * 1.5) continue; - let hs = Math.pow(ripple.x-this.player.x, 2) + Math.pow(ripple.y-this.player.y, 2); - if (hs > Math.pow(rippleRadius + playerRadius, 2)) { - continue; - } else if (hs <= Math.pow(rippleRadius - playerRadius, 2)) { - continue; - } else { - console.log("game over", ripple); - ripple.winner = true; - this.player.loser = true; - this.state = 'gameOver'; - // deliberately don't break here, in case multiple ripples hit - // the player on the same frame - } - } - } - - this.ripples = this.ripples.filter(ripple => !ripple.canGC(this.currTick)); - - this.currTick++; - } - - draw() { - this.ctx.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height); - this.ripples.forEach(ripple => ripple.draw(this.ctx, this.currTick)); - this.player.draw(this.ctx) - this.scoreEl.innerHTML = this.score; - } -} - - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -let game = new Game(canvas, document.getElementById("score")); - -function reset() { - game = new Game(canvas, document.getElementById("score")); -} - -function nextFrame() { - if (game.shouldReset()) reset(); - - game.update() - game.draw() - requestAnimationFrame(nextFrame); -} -requestAnimationFrame(nextFrame); - -canvas.focus(); - -</script> - -## Changelog - -The previous version was two easy to break, even with the requirement of jumping -over a ripple to generate a new one and increase your score. This led to the -following major changes: - -* The game now incorporates asteroid/pacman mechanics. Rather than bouncing off - walls, the player and ripples will instead come out the opposite wall they - travel through. - -* Jump height no longer affects score or the "strength" of a ripple. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-16-new-years-resolution-vibe-check.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-05-16-new-years-resolution-vibe-check.md deleted file mode 100644 index 965eac8..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-16-new-years-resolution-vibe-check.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,62 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - New Year's Resolution Vibe Check -description: >- - The not-quite-halfway progress report. ---- - -It's been over five months since I started my New Year's resolution, where I -committed to writing 52 blog posts by the end of the year. This week I'm on the -first vacation I've been able to take since the pandemic started, and, for lack -of anything else to really write about, am doing an almost-halfway checkup on -the whole process. - -Almost immediately into the process I wished I'd set my sights a bit lower. One -post a week is a pretty intense pace, it turns out. If I were to reset the -parameters of the resolution I would probably halve the requirements, down to -26 posts in the year. One concern would be that I would be more likely to forget -to do the bi-weekly post, whereas with the current system it's coupled with my -normal work rhythm and so stays more top of mind. But I think I'd have a much -easier time (perhaps even twice as easy!), so it might balance out. - -My thought in the beginning was that I could write on Friday afternoons or -Monday mornings as a bookend to working, but what's generally happened is that I -write on weekends. During the week the energy to write something up just isn't -there; writing posts is a kind of work all on its own, and I can only bring -myself to do so much work everyday. - -Lately it's been particularly difficult to pump out the posts. Obviously a large -component of this is that I quickly picked all the low hanging fruit that were -on my mind when I started this resolution, but an unexpected culprit has also -appeared: seasons. When I started the resolution it was still winter, and during -the cold months it's a lot easier to stay inside and work on a computer. As the -weather warms it's been harder to find time though, in between working on the -garden and going out and doing things with friends. - -Figuring out what to write about is becoming more of a challenge as well -(obviously, given the topic of this post). Ideally I'd like to post about things -I'm _doing_, rather than just talking about some topic, and for the most part -I've mostly kept to that. Constantly posting about ideas I have or opinions I -hold isn't really contributing any real work, unless the ideas or opinions are -really groundbreaking (they're not). If, on the other hand, I use the posts as a -kind of background motivation to get up and do something useful, so I can write -about what I did, then at least progress has been made on _something_. - -The catch there is that I've now added an additional "thing" to do every week, -in addition to the weekly post, and, as previously covered, I just don't have -the time and energy for that. So some posts (ahem) are pretty much fluff, and I -barely have the energy for those! Yet another reason to wish I'd committed to 26 -in the year, I suppose. - -It hasn't been all added stress and strife though. Doing the posts _has_ caused -me to work on side projects more, and even better quite a few people I know have -given me really good feedback on what I've been doing, and some have even -started getting involved. So, in the sense of being a way to inform others about -the things I'm working on, the posts are a great success! And I've definitely -been more consistent about working on side projects this year. - -I'll wrap this up and continue with my vacation. Summary: blog is more extra -work than expected, it's maybe worth it, but it would be more worth it if I -halved my pace. I'm not _going_ to halve my pace, because that's not how -resolutions work. The end. - diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-26-viz-4.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-05-26-viz-4.md deleted file mode 100644 index cd6054a..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-26-viz-4.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,213 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 4 -description: >- - Birth, death, and colors. -series: viz -tags: tech art ---- - -<canvas id="canvas" style="padding-bottom: 2rem;" width="100%" height="100%"></canvas> - -This visualization is a conglomeration of ideas from all the previous ones. On -each tick up to 20 new pixels are generated. The color of each new pixel is -based on the average color of its neighbors, plus some random drift. - -Each pixel dies after a certain number of ticks, `N`. A pixel's life can be -extended by up to `8N` ticks, one for each neighbor it has which is still alive. -This mechanism accounts for the strange behavior which is seen when the -visualization first loads, but also allows for more coherent clusters of pixels -to hold together as time goes on. - -The asteroid rule is also in effect in this visualization, so the top row and -bottom row pixels are neighbors of each other, and similarly for the rightmost -and leftmost column pixels. - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -function randn(n) { - return Math.floor(Math.random() * n); -} - -const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas"); -const parentWidth = canvas.parentElement.offsetWidth; - -const rectSize = Math.floor(parentWidth /100 /2) *2; // must be even number -console.log("rectSize", rectSize); - -canvas.width = parentWidth - rectSize - (parentWidth % rectSize); -canvas.height = canvas.width * 0.75; -canvas.height -= canvas.height % rectSize; -const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); - -const w = (canvas.width / rectSize) - 1; -const h = (canvas.height / rectSize) - 1; - -class Elements { - constructor() { - this.els = {}; - this.diff = {}; - } - - _normCoord(coord) { - if (typeof coord !== 'string') coord = JSON.stringify(coord); - return coord; - } - - get(coord) { - return this.els[this._normCoord(coord)]; - } - - getAll() { - return Object.values(this.els); - } - - set(coord, el) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "set", coord: coord, ...el}; - } - - unset(coord) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "unset"}; - } - - drawDiff(ctx) { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - const coord = JSON.parse(coordStr); - - if (el.action == "set") { - ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${el.h}, ${el.s}, ${el.l})`; - } else { - ctx.fillStyle = `#FFF`; - } - - ctx.fillRect(coord[0]*rectSize, coord[1]*rectSize, rectSize, rectSize); - } - } - - applyDiff() { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - delete this.diff[coordStr]; - - if (el.action == "set") { - delete el.action; - this.els[coordStr] = el; - } else { - delete this.els[coordStr]; - } - } - } -} - -const neighbors = [ - [-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], - [-1, 0], /* [0, 0], */ [1, 0], - [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], -]; - -function neighborsOf(coord) { - return neighbors.map((n) => { - let nX = coord[0]+n[0]; - let nY = coord[1]+n[1]; - nX = (nX + w) % w; - nY = (nY + h) % h; - return [nX, nY]; - }); -} - -function randEmptyNeighboringCoord(els, coord) { - const neighbors = neighborsOf(coord).sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - for (const nCoord of neighbors) { - if (!els.get(nCoord)) return nCoord; - } - return null; -} - -function neighboringElsOf(els, coord) { - const neighboringEls = []; - for (const nCoord of neighborsOf(coord)) { - const el = els.get(nCoord); - if (el) neighboringEls.push(el); - } - return neighboringEls; -} - -const drift = 30; -function newEl(nEls) { - - // for each h (which can be considered as degrees around a circle) break the h - // down into x and y vectors, and add those up separately. Then find the angle - // between those two resulting vectors, and that's the "average" h value. - let x = 0; - let y = 0; - nEls.forEach((el) => { - const hRad = el.h * Math.PI / 180; - x += Math.cos(hRad); - y += Math.sin(hRad); - }); - - let h = Math.atan2(y, x); - h = h / Math.PI * 180; - - // apply some random drift, normalize - h += (Math.random() * drift * 2) - drift; - h = (h + 360) % 360; - - return { - h: h, - s: "100%", - l: "50%", - }; -} - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -const els = new Elements(); - -const maxNewElsPerTick = 20; -const deathThresh = 20; - -let tick = 0; -function doTick() { - tick++; - - const allEls = els.getAll().sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - - if (allEls.length == 0) { - els.set([w/2, h/2], { - h: randn(360), - s: "100%", - l: "50%", - }); - } - - let newEls = 0; - for (const el of allEls) { - const nCoord = randEmptyNeighboringCoord(els, el.coord); - if (!nCoord) continue; // el has no empty neighboring spots - - const nEl = newEl(neighboringElsOf(els, nCoord)) - nEl.tick = tick; - els.set(nCoord, nEl); - - newEls++; - if (newEls >= maxNewElsPerTick) break; - } - - for (const el of allEls) { - const nEls = neighboringElsOf(els, el.coord); - if (tick - el.tick - (nEls.length * deathThresh) >= deathThresh) els.unset(el.coord); - } - - els.drawDiff(ctx); - els.applyDiff(); - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} -requestAnimationFrame(doTick); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-28-viz-5.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-05-28-viz-5.md deleted file mode 100644 index ea2f9e9..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-05-28-viz-5.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,306 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 5 -description: >- - Seeing double. -series: viz -tags: tech art ---- - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -function randn(n) { - return Math.floor(Math.random() * n); -} - -const w = 100; -const h = 50; - -const maxNewElsPerTick = 10; -const deathThresh = 10; - -class Canvas { - constructor(canvasDOM) { - this.dom = canvasDOM; - this.ctx = canvasDOM.getContext("2d"); - - // expand canvas element's width to match parent. - this.dom.width = this.dom.parentElement.offsetWidth; - - // rectSize must be an even number or the pixels don't display nicely. - this.rectSize = Math.floor(this.dom.width / w /2) * 2; - - this.dom.width = w * this.rectSize; - this.dom.height = h * this.rectSize; - } - - rectSize() { - return Math.floor(this.dom.width / w); - } -} - -class Layer { - constructor(newEl) { - this.els = {}; - this.diff = {}; - this.newEl = newEl; - } - - _normCoord(coord) { - if (typeof coord !== 'string') coord = JSON.stringify(coord); - return coord; - } - - get(coord) { - return this.els[this._normCoord(coord)]; - } - - getAll() { - return Object.values(this.els); - } - - set(coord, el) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "set", coord: coord, ...el}; - } - - unset(coord) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "unset"}; - } - - applyDiff() { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - delete this.diff[coordStr]; - - if (el.action == "set") { - delete el.action; - this.els[coordStr] = el; - } else { - delete this.els[coordStr]; - } - } - } - - update(state) { - // Apply diff from previous update first. The diff can't be applied last - // because it needs to be present during the draw phase. - this.applyDiff(); - - const allEls = this.getAll().sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - - if (allEls.length == 0) { - this.set([w/2, h/2], this.newEl([])); - } - - let newEls = 0; - for (const el of allEls) { - const nCoord = randEmptyNeighboringCoord(this, el.coord); - if (!nCoord) continue; // el has no empty neighboring spots - - const nEl = this.newEl(neighboringElsOf(this, nCoord)) - nEl.tick = state.tick; - this.set(nCoord, nEl); - - newEls++; - if (newEls >= maxNewElsPerTick) break; - } - - for (const el of allEls) { - const nEls = neighboringElsOf(this, el.coord); - if (state.tick - el.tick - (nEls.length * deathThresh) >= deathThresh) this.unset(el.coord); - } -} - - draw(canvas) { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - const coord = JSON.parse(coordStr); - - if (el.action == "set") { - canvas.ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${el.h}, ${el.s}, ${el.l})`; - canvas.ctx.fillRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - - } else { - canvas.ctx.clearRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - } - } - } -} - -const neighbors = [ - [-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], - [-1, 0], /* [0, 0], */ [1, 0], - [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], -]; - -function neighborsOf(coord) { - return neighbors.map((n) => { - let nX = coord[0]+n[0]; - let nY = coord[1]+n[1]; - nX = (nX + w) % w; - nY = (nY + h) % h; - return [nX, nY]; - }); -} - -function randEmptyNeighboringCoord(layer, coord) { - const neighbors = neighborsOf(coord).sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - for (const nCoord of neighbors) { - if (!layer.get(nCoord)) return nCoord; - } - return null; -} - -function neighboringElsOf(layer, coord) { - const neighboringEls = []; - for (const nCoord of neighborsOf(coord)) { - const el = layer.get(nCoord); - if (el) neighboringEls.push(el); - } - return neighboringEls; -} - -const drift = 30; -function mkNewEl(l) { - return (nEls) => { - const s = "100%"; - if (nEls.length == 0) { - return { - h: randn(360), - s: s, - l: l, - }; - } - - // for each h (which can be considered as degrees around a circle) break the h - // down into x and y vectors, and add those up separately. Then find the angle - // between those two resulting vectors, and that's the "average" h value. - let x = 0; - let y = 0; - nEls.forEach((el) => { - const hRad = el.h * Math.PI / 180; - x += Math.cos(hRad); - y += Math.sin(hRad); - }); - - let h = Math.atan2(y, x); - h = h / Math.PI * 180; - - // apply some random drift, normalize - h += (Math.random() * drift * 2) - drift; - h = (h + 360) % 360; - - return { - h: h, - s: s, - l: l, - }; - } -} - -class Universe { - constructor(canvasesByClass, layersByClass) { - this.canvasesByClass = canvasesByClass; - this.state = { - tick: 0, - layers: layersByClass, - }; - } - - update() { - this.state.tick++; - Object.values(this.state.layers).forEach((layer) => layer.update(this.state)); - } - - draw() { - for (const layerName in this.state.layers) { - if (!this.canvasesByClass[layerName]) return; - this.canvasesByClass[layerName].forEach((canvas) => { - this.state.layers[layerName].draw(canvas); - }); - } - } -} - -</script> - -<style> - -.canvasContainer { - display: grid; - margin-bottom: 2rem; - text-align: center; -} - -canvas { - border: 1px dashed #AAA; - width: 100%; - grid-area: 1/1/2/2; -} - -</style> - -<div class="canvasContainer"> - <canvas class="layer1"></canvas> - <canvas class="layer2"></canvas> -</div> - -<div class="row"> - <div class="columns six"> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer1"></canvas></div> - </div> - <div class="columns six"> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer2"></canvas></div> - </div> -</div> - -This visualization combines two distinct layers, each of them borrowing their -behavior from [Visualization 4][viz4]. Neither layer has any effect on the -other, one is merely super-imposed on top of the other in the top canvas. You -can see each layer individually in the two lower canvases. - -Despite their not affecting each other, the code is set up so that each layer -_could_ be affected by the other. This will likely be explored more in a future -post. - -[viz4]: {% post_url 2021-05-26-viz-4 %} - -<script> - -const canvasesByClass = {}; -[...document.getElementsByTagName("canvas")].forEach((canvasDOM) => { - - const canvas = new Canvas(canvasDOM); - canvasDOM.classList.forEach((name) => { - if (!canvasesByClass[name]) canvasesByClass[name] = []; - canvasesByClass[name].push(canvas); - }) -}); - - -const universe = new Universe(canvasesByClass, { - "layer1": new Layer(mkNewEl("90%")), - "layer2": new Layer(mkNewEl("50%")), -}); - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -function doTick() { - universe.update(); - universe.draw(); - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} - -doTick(); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-07-adventures-in-defi.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-06-07-adventures-in-defi.md deleted file mode 100644 index f5a5879..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-07-adventures-in-defi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,271 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Adventures In DeFi -description: >- - There and Back Again, a Yield Farmer's Tale. ---- - -It's difficult to be remotely interested in crypto and avoid the world of -decentralized finance (DeFi). Somewhere between the explosion of new projects, -implausible APY percents, complex tokens schemes, new phrases like "yield -farming" and "impermanent loss", rug pulls, hacks, and astronomical ethereum -fees, you simply _must_ have heard of it, even in passing. - -In late November of 2020 I decided to jump in and see what would happen. I read -everything I could find, got as educated as I could, did some (but probably not -enough) math, and got to work. Almost immediately afterwards a giant bull -market hit, fees on ethereum shot up to the moon, and my little yield farming -DeFi ship was effectively out to sea. - -For the past 200 days I haven't been able to tweak or withdraw any of the DeFi -positions I made, for fear of incurring so many ethereum fees that any gains I -made would be essentially wiped out. But the bull market is finally at a rest, -fees are down, and I'm interested in what the results of my involuntary -long-term experiment were. Before getting to the results though, let's start at -the beginning. I'm going to walk you through all the steps I took, as well as my -decision making process (as flawed as it surely was) and risk assessments. - -## Step 1: The Base Positions - -My first step was to set aside some ETH and BTC for this experiment. I was (and -remain) confident that these assets would acrue in value, and so wanted to hold -onto them for a long period of time. But while holding onto those assets, why -not make a little interest on them by putting them to use? That's where DeFi -comes in. - -I started with 2.04 ETH and 0.04 BTC. The ETH existed as normal ETH on the -ethereum blockchain, while the 0.04 BTC I had to first convert to [renBTC][ren]. - -renBTC is an ethereum token whose value is pinned to the value of BTC. This is -accomplished via a decentralized locking mechanism, wherein real BTC is -transferred to a decentralized network of ren nodes, and they lock it such that -no individual node has access to the wallet holding the BTC. At the same time -that the BTC is locked, the nodes print and transfer a corresponding amount of -renBTC to a wallet specified in the BTC transaction. It's a very interesting -project, though the exact locking mechanism used was closed-source at the time I -used it, which concerned me somewhat. - -[ren]: https://renproject.io/ - -### Step 1.5: Collateralization - -In Step 2 I deposit my assets into liquidity pools. For my renBTC this was no -problem, but for my ETH it wasn't so simple. I'll explain what a liquidity pool -is in the next section, but for now all that needs to be known is that there are -no worthwhile liquidity pools between ETH and anything ostensibly pinned to ETH -(e.g. WETH). So I needed to first convert my ETH into an asset for which there -are worthwhile liquidity pools, while also not losing my ETH position. - -Enter [MakerDAO][makerdao]. MakerDAO runs a decentralized collateralization app, -wheren a user deposits assets into a contract and is granted an amount of DAI -tokens relative to the value of the deposited assets. The value of DAI tokens -are carefully managed via the variable fee structure of the MakerDAO app, such -that 1 DAI is, generally, equal to 1 USD. If the value of the collateralized -assets drops below a certain threshold the position is liquidated, meaning the -user keeps the DAI and MakerDAO keeps the assets. It's not dissimilar to taking -a loan out, using one's house as collateral, except that the collateral is ETH -and not a house. - -MakerDAO allows you to choose, within some bounds, how much DAI you withdraw on -your deposited collateral. The more DAI you withdraw, the higher your -liquidation threshold, and if your assets fall in value and hit that threshold -you lose them, so a higher threshold entails more risk. In this way the user has -some say over how risky of a position they want to take out. - -In my case I took out a total of 500 DAI on my 2.04 ETH. Even at the time this -was somewhat conservative, but now that the price of ETH has 5x'd it's almost -comical. In any case, I now had 500 DAI to work with, and could move on to the -next step. - -[makerdao]: https://makerdao.com/ - -## Step 2: Liquidity Pools - -My assets were ready to get put to work, and the work they got put to was in -liquidity pools (LPs). The function of an LP is to facilitate the exchange of -one asset for another between users. They play the same role as a centralized -exchange like Kraken or Binance, but are able to operate on decentralized chains -by using a different exchange mechanism. - -I won't go into the details of how LPs work here, as it's not super pertinent. -There's great explainers, like [this one][lp], that are easy to find. Suffice it -to say that each LP operates on a set of assets that it allows users to convert -between, and LP providers can deposit one or more of those assets into the pool -in order to earn fees on each conversion. - -When you deposit an asset into an LP you receive back a corresponding amount of -tokens representing your position in that LP. Each LP has its own token, and -each token represents a share of of the pool that the provider owns. The value -of each token goes up over time as fees are collected, and so acts as the -mechanism by which the provider ultimately collects their yield. - -In addition to the yield one gets from users making conversions via the LP, LP -providers are often also further incentivized by being granted governance tokens -in the LPs they provide for, which they can then turn around and sell directly -or hold onto as an investment. These are usually granted via a staking -mechanism, where the LP provider stakes (or "locks") their LP tokens into the -platform, and is able to withdraw the incentive token based on how long and how -much they've staked. - -Some LP projects, such as [Sushi][sushi], have gone further and completely -gamified the whole experience, and are the cause of the multi thousand percent -APYs that DeFi has become somewhat famous for. These projects are flashy, but I -couldn't find myself placing any trust in them. - -There is a risk in being an LP provider, and it's called ["impermanent -loss"][il]. This is another area where it's not worth going into super detail, -so I'll just say that impermanent loss occurs when the relative value of the -assets in the pool diverges significantly. For example, if you are a provider in -a BTC/USDC pool, and the value of BTC relative to USD either tanks or -skyrockets, you will have ended up losing money. - -I wanted to avoid impermanent loss, and so focused on pools where the assets -have little chance of diverging. These would be pools where the assets are -ostensibly pinned in value, for example a pool between DAI and USDC, or between -renBTC and WBTC. These are called stable pools. By choosing such pools my only -risk was in one of the pooled assets suddenly losing all of its value due to a -flaw in its mechanism, for example if MakerDAO's smart contract were to be -hacked. Unfortunately, stable pools don't have as great yields as their volatile -counterparts, but given that this was all gravy on top of the appreciation of -the underlying ETH and BTC I didn't mind this as much. - -I chose the [Curve][curve] project as my LP project of choice. Curve focuses -mainly on stable pools, and provides decent yield percents in that area while -also being a relatively trusted and actively developed project. - -I made the following deposits into Curve: - -* 200 DAI into the [Y Pool][ypool], receiving back 188 LP tokens. -* 300 DAI into the [USDN Pool][usdnpool], receiving back 299 LP tokens. -* 0.04 renBTC into the [tBTC Pool][tbtcpool], receiving back 0.039 LP tokens. - -[lp]: https://finematics.com/liquidity-pools-explained/ -[il]: https://finematics.com/impermanent-loss-explained/ -[sushi]: https://www.sushi.com/ -[curve]: https://curve.fi -[ypool]: https://curve.fi/iearn -[usdnpool]: https://curve.fi/usdn -[tbtcpool]: https://curve.fi/tbtc - -## Step 3: Yield Farming - -At this point I could have taken the next step of staking my LP tokens into the -Curve platform, and periodically going in and reaping the incentive tokens that -doing so would earn me. I could then sell these tokens and re-invest the profits -back into the LP, and then stake the resulting LP tokens back into Curve, -resulting in a higher yield the next time I reap the incentives, ad neaseaum -forever. - -This is a fine strategy, but it has two major drawbacks: - -* I don't have the time, nor the patience, to implement it. -* ETH transaction fees would make it completely impractical. - -Luckily, yield farming platforms exist. Rather than staking your LP tokens -yourself, you instead deposit them into a yield farming platform. The platform -aggregates everyone's LP tokens, stakes them, and automatically collects and -re-invests incentives in large batches. By using a yield farming platform, -small, humble yield farmers like myself can pool our resources together to take -advantage of scale we wouldn't normally have. - -Of course, yield farming adds yet another gamification layer to the whole -system, and complicates everything. You'll see what I mean in a moment. - -The yield farming platform I chose was [Harvest][harvest]. Overall -Harvest had the best advertised APYs (though those can obviously change on a -dime), a large number of farmed pools that gets updated regularly, as well as a -simple interface that I could sort of understand. The project is a _bit_ of a -mess, and there's probably better options now, but it was what I had at the -time. - -For each of the 3 kinds of LP tokens I had collected in Step 2 I deposited them -into the corresponding farming pool on Harvest. As with the LPs, for each -farming pool you deposit into you receive back a corresponding amount of farming -pool tokens which you can then stake back into Harvest. Based on how much you -stake into Harvest you can collect a certain amount of FARM tokens periodically, -which you can then sell, yada yada yada. It's farming all the way down. I didn't -bother much with this. - -[harvest]: https://harvest.finance - -## Step 4: Wait - -At this point the market picked up, ethereum transactions shot up from 20 to 200 -gwei, and I was no longer able to play with my DeFi money without incurring huge -losses. So I mostly forgot about it, and only now am coming back to it to see -the damage. - -## Step 5: Reap What I've Sown - -It's 200 days later, fees are down again, and enough time has passed that I -could plausibly evaluate my strategy, I've gone through the trouble of undoing -all my positions in order to arrive back at my base assets, ETC and BTC. While -it's tempting to just keep the DeFi ship floating on, I think I need to redo it -in a way that I won't be paralyzed during the next market turn, and I'd like to -evaluate other chains besides ethereum. - -First, I've unrolled my Harvest positions, collecting the original LP tokens -back plus whatever yield the farming was able to generate. The results of that -step are: - -* 194 Y Pool tokens (originally 188). -* 336 USDN Pool tokens (originally 299). -* 0.0405 tBTC Pool tokens (originally 0.039). - -Second, I've burned those LP tokens to collect back the original assets from the -LPs, resulting in: - -* 215.83 DAI from the Y Pool (originally 200). -* 346.45 DAI from the USDN Pool (originally 300). -* 0.0405 renBTC from the tBTC Pool (originally 0.04). - -For a total DAI of 562.28. - -Finally, I've re-deposited the DAI back into MakerDAO to reclaim my original -ETH. I had originally withdrawn 500 DAI, but due to interest I now owed 511 -DAI. So after reclaiming my full 2.04 ETH I have ~51 DAI leftover. - -## Insane Profits - -Calculating actual APY for the BTC investment is straightforward: it came out to -about 4.20% APY. Not too bad, considering the position is fairly immune to price -movements. - -Calculating for ETH is a bit trickier, since in the end I ended up with the same -ETH as I started with (2.04) plus 51 DAI. If I were to purchase ETH with that -DAI now, it would get me ~0.02 further ETH. Not a whole heck of a lot. And that -doesn't even account for ethereum fees! I made 22 ethereum transactions -throughout this whole process, resulting in ~0.098 ETH spent on transaction -fees. - -So in the end, I lost 0.078 ETH, but gained 0.0005 BTC. If I were to -convert the BTC gain to ETH now it would give me a net total profit of: - -**-0.071 ETH** - -A net loss, how fun! - -## Conclusions - -There were a lot of takeaways from this experiment: - -* ETH fees will get ya, even in the good times. I would need to be working with - at least an order of magnitude higher base position in order for this to work - out in my favor. - -* I should have put all my DAI in the Curve USDN pool, and not bothered with the - Y pool. It had almost double the percent return in the end. - -* Borrowing DAI on my ETH was fun, but it really cuts down on how much of my ETH - value I'm able to take advantage of. My BTC was able to be fully invested, - whereas at most half of my ETH value was. - -* If I have a large USD position I want to sit on, the USDN pool on its own is - not the worst place to park it. The APY on it was about 30%! - -I _will_ be trying this again, albeit with a bigger budget and more knowledge. I -want to check out other chains besides ethereum, so as to avoid the fees, as -well as other yield mechanisms besides LPs, and other yield farming platforms -besides Harvest. - -Until then! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-23-viz-6.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-06-23-viz-6.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8262c2b..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-23-viz-6.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,402 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 6 -description: >- - Eat your heart out, Conway! -series: viz -tags: tech art ---- - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -function randn(n) { - return Math.floor(Math.random() * n); -} - -const w = 100; -const h = 50; - -class Canvas { - constructor(canvasDOM) { - this.dom = canvasDOM; - this.ctx = canvasDOM.getContext("2d"); - - // expand canvas element's width to match parent. - this.dom.width = this.dom.parentElement.offsetWidth; - - // rectSize must be an even number or the pixels don't display nicely. - this.rectSize = Math.floor(this.dom.width / w /2) * 2; - - this.dom.width = w * this.rectSize; - this.dom.height = h * this.rectSize; - } - - rectSize() { - return Math.floor(this.dom.width / w); - } -} - -class Layer { - constructor(className, newEl, { - maxNewElsPerTick = 10, - ageOfDeath = 60, - neighborBonusScalar = 1, - layerBonusScalar = 1, - chaos = 0, - } = {}) { - this.className = className; - this.els = {}; - this.diff = {}; - - this.newEl = newEl; - this.maxNewElsPerTick = maxNewElsPerTick; - this.ageOfDeath = ageOfDeath; - this.neighborBonusScalar = neighborBonusScalar; - this.layerBonusScalar = layerBonusScalar; - this.chaos = chaos; - } - - _normCoord(coord) { - if (typeof coord !== 'string') coord = JSON.stringify(coord); - return coord; - } - - get(coord) { - return this.els[this._normCoord(coord)]; - } - - getAll() { - return Object.values(this.els); - } - - set(coord, el) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "set", coord: coord, ...el}; - } - - unset(coord) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "unset"}; - } - - applyDiff() { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - delete this.diff[coordStr]; - - if (el.action == "set") { - delete el.action; - this.els[coordStr] = el; - } else { - delete this.els[coordStr]; - } - } - } - - update(state, prevLayer) { - // Apply diff from previous update first. The diff can't be applied last - // because it needs to be present during the draw phase. - this.applyDiff(); - - const allEls = this.getAll().sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - - if (allEls.length == 0) { - const nEl = this.newEl([]) - nEl.tick = state.tick; - this.set([w/2, h/2], nEl); - return; - } - - let newEls = 0; - for (const el of allEls) { - const nCoord = randEmptyNeighboringCoord(this, el.coord); - if (!nCoord) continue; // el has no empty neighboring spots - - const nEl = this.newEl(neighboringElsOf(this, nCoord)) - nEl.tick = state.tick; - this.set(nCoord, nEl); - - newEls++; - if (newEls >= this.maxNewElsPerTick) break; - } - - for (const el of allEls) { - const age = state.tick - el.tick; - const neighborBonus = neighboringElsOf(this, el.coord).length * this.neighborBonusScalar; - - const layerBonus = prevLayer - ? neighboringElsOf(prevLayer, el.coord, true).length * this.layerBonusScalar - : 0; - - const chaos = (this.chaos > 0) ? randn(this.chaos) : 0; - - if (age - neighborBonus - layerBonus + chaos >= this.ageOfDeath) { - this.unset(el.coord); - } - } -} - - draw(canvas) { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - const coord = JSON.parse(coordStr); - - if (el.action == "set") { - canvas.ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${el.h}, ${el.s}, ${el.l})`; - canvas.ctx.fillRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - - } else { - canvas.ctx.clearRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - } - } - } -} - -const neighbors = [ - [-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], - [-1, 0], /* [0, 0], */ [1, 0], - [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], -]; - -function neighborsOf(coord) { - return neighbors.map((n) => { - let nX = coord[0]+n[0]; - let nY = coord[1]+n[1]; - nX = (nX + w) % w; - nY = (nY + h) % h; - return [nX, nY]; - }); -} - -function randEmptyNeighboringCoord(layer, coord) { - const neighbors = neighborsOf(coord).sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - for (const nCoord of neighbors) { - if (!layer.get(nCoord)) return nCoord; - } - return null; -} - -function neighboringElsOf(layer, coord, includeCoord = false) { - const neighboringEls = []; - - const neighboringCoords = neighborsOf(coord); - if (includeCoord) neighboringCoords.push(coord); - - for (const nCoord of neighboringCoords) { - const el = layer.get(nCoord); - if (el) neighboringEls.push(el); - } - return neighboringEls; -} - -const drift = 30; -function mkNewEl(l) { - return (nEls) => { - const s = "100%"; - if (nEls.length == 0) { - return { - h: randn(360), - s: s, - l: l, - }; - } - - // for each h (which can be considered as degrees around a circle) break the h - // down into x and y vectors, and add those up separately. Then find the angle - // between those two resulting vectors, and that's the "average" h value. - let x = 0; - let y = 0; - nEls.forEach((el) => { - const hRad = el.h * Math.PI / 180; - x += Math.cos(hRad); - y += Math.sin(hRad); - }); - - let h = Math.atan2(y, x); - h = h / Math.PI * 180; - - // apply some random drift, normalize - h += (Math.random() * drift * 2) - drift; - h = (h + 360) % 360; - - return { - h: h, - s: s, - l: l, - }; - } -} - -class Universe { - constructor(canvasesByClass, layers) { - this.canvasesByClass = canvasesByClass; - this.state = { - tick: 0, - layers: layers, - }; - } - - update() { - this.state.tick++; - let prevLayer; - this.state.layers.forEach((layer) => { - layer.update(this.state, prevLayer); - prevLayer = layer; - }); - } - - draw() { - this.state.layers.forEach((layer) => { - if (!this.canvasesByClass[layer.className]) return; - this.canvasesByClass[layer.className].forEach((canvas) => { - layer.draw(canvas); - }); - }); - } -} - -</script> - -<style> - -.canvasContainer { - display: grid; - margin-bottom: 2rem; - text-align: center; -} - -canvas { - border: 1px dashed #AAA; - width: 100%; - grid-area: 1/1/2/2; -} - -</style> - -<div class="canvasContainer"> - <canvas class="layer1"></canvas> - <canvas class="layer2"></canvas> -</div> - -<div class="row"> - - <div class="columns six"> - <h3>Bottom Layer</h3> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer1"></canvas></div> - <div class="layer1 layerParams"> - <label>Max New Elements Per Tick</label><input type="text" param="maxNewElsPerTick" /> - <label>Age of Death</label><input type="text" param="ageOfDeath" /> - <label>Neighbor Bonus Scalar</label><input type="text" param="neighborBonusScalar" /> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="columns six"> - <h3>Top Layer</h3> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer2"></canvas></div> - <div class="layer2 layerParams"> - <label>Max New Elements Per Tick</label><input type="text" param="maxNewElsPerTick" /> - <label>Age of Death</label><input type="text" param="ageOfDeath" /> - <label>Neighbor Bonus Scalar</label><input type="text" param="neighborBonusScalar" /> - <label>Layer Bonus Scalar</label><input type="text" param="layerBonusScalar" /> - </div> - </div> - -</div> - -This visualization is essentially the same as the previous, except that each -layer now operates with different parameters than the other, allowing each to -exhibit different behavior. - -Additionally, the top layer has been made to be responsive to the bottom, via a -new mechanism where the age of an element on the top layer can be extended based -on the number of bottom layer elements it neighbors. - -Finally, the UI now exposes the actual parameters which are used to tweak the -behavior of each layer. Modifying any parameter will change the behavior of the -associated layer in real-time. The default parameters have been chosen such that -the top layer is now rather dependent on the bottom for sustenance, although it -can venture away to some extent. However, by playing the parameters yourself you -can find other behaviors and interesting cause-and-effects that aren't -immediately obvious. Try it! - -An explanation of the parameters is as follows: - -On each tick, up to `maxNewElements` are created in each layer, where each new -element neighbors an existing one. - -Additionally, on each tick, _all_ elements in a layer are iterated through. Each -one's age is determined as follows: - -``` -age = (currentTick - birthTick) -age -= (numNeighbors * neighborBonusScalar) -age -= (numBottomLayerNeighbors * layerBonusScalar) // only for top layer -``` - -If an element's age is greater than or equal to the `ageOfDeath` for that layer, -then the element is removed. - -<script> - -const canvasesByClass = {}; -[...document.getElementsByTagName("canvas")].forEach((canvasDOM) => { - - const canvas = new Canvas(canvasDOM); - canvasDOM.classList.forEach((name) => { - if (!canvasesByClass[name]) canvasesByClass[name] = []; - canvasesByClass[name].push(canvas); - }) -}); - -const layers = [ - - new Layer("layer1", mkNewEl("90%"), { - maxNewElsPerTick: 2, - ageOfDeath: 30, - neighborBonusScalar: 50, - }), - - new Layer("layer2", mkNewEl("50%", ), { - maxNewElsPerTick: 10, - ageOfDeath: 1, - neighborBonusScalar: 15, - layerBonusScalar: 5, - }), - -]; - -for (const layer of layers) { - document.querySelectorAll(`.${layer.className}.layerParams > input`).forEach((input) => { - const param = input.getAttribute("param"); - - // pre-fill input values - input.value = layer[param]; - - input.onchange = () => { - console.log(`setting ${layer.className}.${param} to ${input.value}`); - layer[param] = input.value; - }; - }); -} - -const universe = new Universe(canvasesByClass, layers); - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -function doTick() { - universe.update(); - universe.draw(); - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} - -doTick(); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-26-selfhosted-email-with-maddy.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-06-26-selfhosted-email-with-maddy.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0ea3491..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-06-26-selfhosted-email-with-maddy.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,277 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Self-Hosted Email With maddy: A Naive First Attempt -description: >- - How hard could it be? -tags: tech -series: selfhost ---- - -For a _long_ time now I've wanted to get off gmail and host my own email -domains. I've looked into it a few times, but have been discouraged on multiple -fronts: - -* Understanding the protocols underlying email isn't straightforward; it's an - old system, there's a lot of cruft, lots of auxiliary protocols that are now - essentially required, and a lot of different services required to tape it all - together. - -* The services which are required are themselves old, and use operational - patterns that maybe used to make sense but are now pretty freaking cumbersome. - For example, postfix requires something like 3 different system accounts. - -* Deviating from the non-standard route and using something like - [Mail-in-a-box][miab] involves running docker, which I'm trying to avoid. - -So up till now I had let the idea sit, waiting for something better to come -along. - -[maddy][maddy] is, I think, something better. According to the homepage -"\[maddy\] replaces Postfix, Dovecot, OpenDKIM, OpenSPF, OpenDMARC and more with -one daemon with uniform configuration and minimal maintenance cost." Sounds -perfect! The homepage is clean and to the point, it's written in go, and the -docs appear to be reasonably well written. And, to top it all off, it's already -been added to [nixpkgs][nixpkgs]! - -So in this post (and subsequent posts) I'll be documenting my journey into -getting a maddy server running to see how well it works out. - -## Just Do It - -I'm almost 100% sure this won't work, but to start with I'm going to simply get -maddy up and running on my home media server as per the tutorial on its site, -and go from there. - -First there's some global system configuration I need to perform. Ideally maddy -could be completely packaged up and not pollute the rest of the system at all, -and if I was using NixOS I think that would be possible, but as it is I need to -create a user for maddy and ensure it's able to read the TLS certificates that I -manage via [LetsEncrypt][le]. - -```bash -sudo useradd -mrU -s /sbin/nologin -d /var/lib/maddy -c "maddy mail server" maddy -sudo setfacl -R -m u:maddy:rX /etc/letsencrypt/{live,archive} -``` - -The next step is to set up the nix build of the systemd service file. This is a -strategy I've been using recently to nix-ify my services without needing to deal -with nix profiles. The idea is to encode the nix store path to everything -directly into the systemd service file, and install that file normally. In this -case this looks something like: - -``` -pkgs.writeTextFile { - name = "mediocregopher-maddy-service"; - text = '' - [Unit] - Description=mediocregopher maddy - Documentation=man:maddy(1) - Documentation=man:maddy.conf(5) - Documentation=https://maddy.email - After=network.target - - [Service] - Type=notify - NotifyAccess=main - Restart=always - RestartSec=1s - - User=maddy - Group=maddy - - # cd to state directory to make sure any relative paths - # in config will be relative to it unless handled specially. - WorkingDirectory=/mnt/vol1/maddy - ReadWritePaths=/mnt/vol1/maddy - - # ... lots of directives from - # https://github.com/foxcpp/maddy/blob/master/dist/systemd/maddy.service - # that we'll elide here ... - - ExecStart=${pkgs.maddy}/bin/maddy -config ${./maddy.conf} - - ExecReload=/bin/kill -USR1 $MAINPID - ExecReload=/bin/kill -USR2 $MAINPID - - [Install] - WantedBy=multi-user.target - ''; -} -``` - -With the service now testable, it falls on me to actually go through the setup -steps described in the [tutorial][tutorial]. - -## Following The Tutorial - -The first step in the tutorial is setting up of domain names, which I first -perform in cloudflare (where my DNS is hosted) and then reflect into the conf -file. Then I point the `tls file` configuration line at my LetsEncrypt -directory by changing the line to: - -``` -tls file /etc/letsencrypt/live/$(hostname)/fullchain.pem /etc/letsencrypt/live/$(hostname)/privkey.pem -``` - - -maddy can access these files thanks to the `setfacl` command I performed -earlier. - -At this point the server should be effectively configured. However, starting it -via systemd results in this error: - -``` -failed to load /etc/letsencrypt/live/mx.mydomain.com/fullchain.pem and /etc/letsencrypt/live/mx.mydomain.com/privkey.pem -``` - -(For my own security I'm not going to be using the actual email domain in this -post, I'll use `mydomain.com` instead.) - -This makes sense... I use a wildcard domain with LetsEncrypt, so certs for the -`mx` sub-domain specifically won't exist. I need to figure out how to tell maddy -to use the wildcard, or actually create a separate certificate for the `mx` -sub-domain. I'd rather the former, obviously, as it's far less work. - -Luckily, making it use the wildcard isn't too hard, all that is needed is to -change the `tls file` line to: - -``` -tls file /etc/letsencrypt/live/$(primary_domain)/fullchain.pem /etc/letsencrypt/live/$(primary_domain)/privkey.pem -``` - -This works because my `primary_domain` domain is set to the top-level -(`mydomain.com`), which is what the wildcard cert is issued for. - -At this point maddy is up and running, but there's still a slight problem. maddy -appears to be placing all of its state files in `/var/lib/maddy`, even though -I'd like to place them in `/mnt/vol1/maddy`. I had set the `WorkingDirectory` in -the systemd service file to this, but apparently that's not enough. After -digging through the codebase I discover an undocumented directive which can be -added to the conf file: - -``` -state_dir /mnt/vol1/maddy -``` - -Kind of annoying, but at least it works. - -The next step is to fiddle with DNS records some more. I add the SPF, DMARC and -DKIM records to cloudflare as described by the tutorial (what do these do? I -have no fuckin clue). - -I also need to set up MTA-STS (again, not really knowing what that is). The -tutorial says I need to make a file with certain contents available at the URL -`https://mta-sts.mydomain.com/.well-known/mta-sts.txt`. I love it when protocol -has to give up and resort to another one in order to keep itself afloat, it -really inspires confidence. - -Anyway, I set that subdomain up in cloudflare, and add the following to my nginx -configuration: - -``` -server { - listen 80; - server_name mta-sts.mydomain.com; - include include/public_whitelist.conf; - - location / { - return 404; - } - - location /.well-known/mta-sts.txt { - - # Check out openresty if you want to get super useful nginx plugins, like - # the echo module, out-of-the-box. - echo 'mode: enforce'; - echo 'max_age: 604800'; - echo 'mx: mx.mydomain.com'; - } -} -``` - -(Note: my `public_whitelist.conf` only allows cloudflare IPs to access this -sub-domain, which is something I do for all sub-domains which I can put through -cloudflare.) - -Finally, I need to create some actual credentials in maddy with which to send my -email. I do this via the `maddyctl` command-line utility: - -``` -> sudo maddyctl --config maddy.conf creds create 'me@mydomain.com' -Enter password for new user: -> sudo maddyctl --config maddy.conf imap-acct create 'me@mydomain.com' -``` - -## Send It! - -At this point I'm ready to actually test the email sending. I'm going to use -[S-nail][snail] to do so, and after reading through the docs there I put the -following in my `~/.mailrc`: - -``` -set v15-compat -set mta=smtp://me%40mydomain.com:password@localhost:587 smtp-use-starttls -``` - -And attempt the following `mailx` command to send an email from my new mail -server: - -``` -> echo 'Hello! This is a cool email' | mailx -s 'Subject' -r 'Me <me@mydomain.com>' 'test.email@gmail.com' -reproducible_build: TLS certificate does not match: localhost:587 -/home/mediocregopher/dead.letter 10/313 -reproducible_build: ... message not sent -``` - -Damn. TLS is failing because I'm connecting over `localhost`, but maddy is -serving the TLS certs for `mydomain.com`. Since I haven't gone through the steps -of exposing maddy publicly yet (which would require port forwarding in my -router, as well as opening a port in iptables) I can't properly test this with -TLS not being required. _It's very important that I remember to re-require TLS -before putting anything public._ - -In the meantime I remove the `smtp-use-starttls` entry from my `~/.mailrc`, and -retry the `mailx` command. This time I get a different error: - -``` -reproducible_build: SMTP server: 523 5.7.10 TLS is required -``` - -It turns out there's a further configuration directive I need to add, this time -in `maddy.conf`. Within my `submission` configuration block I add the following -line: - -``` -insecure_auth true -``` - -This allows plaintext auth over non-TLS connections. Kind of sketchy, but again -I'll undo this before putting anything public. - -Finally, I try the `mailx` command one more time, and it successfully returns! - -Unfortunately, no email is ever received in my gmail :( I check the maddy logs -and see what I feared most all along: - -``` -Jun 29 08:44:58 maddy[127396]: remote: cannot use MX {"domain":"gmail.com","io_op":"dial","msg_id":"5c23d76a-60db30e7","reason":"dial tcp 142.250.152.26:25: connect: connection timed out","remote_addr":"142.250.152. -26:25","remote_server":"alt1.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.","smtp_code":450,"smtp_enchcode":"4.4.2","smtp_msg":"Network I/O error"} -``` - -My ISP is blocking outbound connections on port 25. This is classic email -bullshit; ISPs essentially can't allow outbound SMTP connections, as email is so -easily abusable it would drastically increase the amount of spam being sent from -their networks. - -## Lessons Learned - -The next attempt will involve an external VPS which allows SMTP, and a lot more -interesting configuration. But for now I'm forced to turn off maddy and let this -dream sit for a little while longer. - -[miab]: https://mailinabox.email/ -[maddy]: https://maddy.email -[nixpkgs]: https://search.nixos.org/packages?channel=21.05&from=0&size=50&sort=relevance&query=maddy -[tutorial]: https://maddy.email/tutorials/setting-up/ -[le]: https://letsencrypt.org/ -[snail]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/S-nail diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-01-viz-7.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-07-01-viz-7.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5bf3e8d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-01-viz-7.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,440 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Visualization 7 -description: >- - Feedback Loop. -series: viz -tags: tech art ---- - -<script type="text/javascript"> - -function randn(n) { - return Math.floor(Math.random() * n); -} - -const w = 100; -const h = 60; - -class Canvas { - constructor(canvasDOM) { - this.dom = canvasDOM; - this.ctx = canvasDOM.getContext("2d"); - - // expand canvas element's width to match parent. - this.dom.width = this.dom.parentElement.offsetWidth; - - // rectSize must be an even number or the pixels don't display nicely. - this.rectSize = Math.floor(this.dom.width / w /2) * 2; - - this.dom.width = w * this.rectSize; - this.dom.height = h * this.rectSize; - } - - rectSize() { - return Math.floor(this.dom.width / w); - } -} - -class UniverseState { - constructor(layers) { - this.tick = 0; - this.layers = layers; - } - - neighboringLayers(layerIndex) { - const prevIndex = layerIndex-1; - const prev = prevIndex < 0 ? null : this.layers[prevIndex]; - - const nextIndex = layerIndex+1; - const next = nextIndex >= this.layers.length ? null : this.layers[nextIndex]; - - return [prev, next]; - } -} - -const defaultKnobs = { - maxNewElsPerTick: 10, - ageOfDeath: 30, - drift: 30, - neighborScalar: 0, - prevLayerScalar: 0, - prevLayerLikenessScalar: 0, - nextLayerScalar: 0, - nextLayerLikenessScalar: 0, - chaos: 0, -}; - -class Layer { - constructor(className, newEl, knobs = {}) { - this.className = className; - this.els = {}; - this.diff = {}; - this.newEl = newEl; - this.knobs = { ...defaultKnobs, ...knobs }; - } - - _normCoord(coord) { - if (typeof coord !== 'string') coord = JSON.stringify(coord); - return coord; - } - - get(coord) { - return this.els[this._normCoord(coord)]; - } - - getAll() { - return Object.values(this.els); - } - - set(coord, el) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "set", coord: coord, ...el}; - } - - unset(coord) { - this.diff[this._normCoord(coord)] = {action: "unset"}; - } - - applyDiff() { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - delete this.diff[coordStr]; - - if (el.action == "set") { - delete el.action; - this.els[coordStr] = el; - } else { - delete this.els[coordStr]; - } - } - } - - update(state, thisLayerIndex) { - // Apply diff from previous update first. The diff can't be applied last - // because it needs to be present during the draw phase. - this.applyDiff(); - - const allEls = this.getAll().sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - - if (allEls.length == 0) { - const newEl = this.newEl(this, []) - newEl.tick = state.tick; - this.set([w/2, h/2], newEl); - return; - } - - let newEls = 0; - for (const el of allEls) { - const nCoord = randEmptyNeighboringCoord(this, el.coord); - if (!nCoord) continue; // el has no empty neighboring spots - - const newEl = this.newEl(this, neighboringElsOf(this, nCoord)) - newEl.tick = state.tick; - this.set(nCoord, newEl); - - newEls++; - if (newEls >= this.knobs.maxNewElsPerTick) break; - } - - const calcLayerBonus = (el, layer, scalar, likenessScalar) => { - if (!layer) return 0; - const nEls = neighboringElsOf(layer, el.coord, true) - - const likeness = nEls.reduce((likeness, nEl) => { - const diff = Math.abs(nEl.c - el.c); - return likeness + Math.max(diff, Math.abs(1 - diff)); - }, 0); - - return (nEls.length * scalar) + (likeness * likenessScalar); - }; - - const [prevLayer, nextLayer] = state.neighboringLayers(thisLayerIndex); - - for (const el of allEls) { - const age = state.tick - el.tick; - const neighborBonus = neighboringElsOf(this, el.coord).length * this.knobs.neighborScalar; - const prevLayerBonus = calcLayerBonus(el, prevLayer, this.knobs.prevLayerScalar, this.knobs.prevLayerLikenessScalar); - const nextLayerBonus = calcLayerBonus(el, nextLayer, this.knobs.nextLayerScalar, this.knobs.nextLayerLikenessScalar); - const chaos = (this.chaos > 0) ? randn(this.knobs.chaos) : 0; - - if (age - neighborBonus - prevLayerBonus - nextLayerBonus + chaos >= this.knobs.ageOfDeath) { - this.unset(el.coord); - } - } - } - - draw(canvas) { - for (const coordStr in this.diff) { - const el = this.diff[coordStr]; - const coord = JSON.parse(coordStr); - - if (el.action == "set") { - canvas.ctx.fillStyle = `hsl(${el.h}, ${el.s}, ${el.l})`; - canvas.ctx.fillRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - - } else { - canvas.ctx.clearRect( - coord[0]*canvas.rectSize, coord[1]*canvas.rectSize, - canvas.rectSize, canvas.rectSize, - ); - } - } - } -} - -const neighbors = [ - [-1, -1], [0, -1], [1, -1], - [-1, 0], /* [0, 0], */ [1, 0], - [-1, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], -]; - -function neighborsOf(coord) { - return neighbors.map((n) => { - let nX = coord[0]+n[0]; - let nY = coord[1]+n[1]; - nX = (nX + w) % w; - nY = (nY + h) % h; - return [nX, nY]; - }); -} - -function randEmptyNeighboringCoord(layer, coord) { - const neighbors = neighborsOf(coord).sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5); - for (const nCoord of neighbors) { - if (!layer.get(nCoord)) return nCoord; - } - return null; -} - -function neighboringElsOf(layer, coord, includeCoord = false) { - const neighboringEls = []; - - const neighboringCoords = neighborsOf(coord); - if (includeCoord) neighboringCoords.push(coord); - - for (const nCoord of neighboringCoords) { - const el = layer.get(nCoord); - if (el) neighboringEls.push(el); - } - return neighboringEls; -} - -function newEl(h, l) { - return { - h: h, - s: "100%", - l: l, - c: h / 360, // c is used to compare the element to others - }; -} - -function mkNewEl(l) { - return (layer, nEls) => { - const s = "100%"; - if (nEls.length == 0) { - const h = randn(360); - return newEl(h, l); - } - - // for each h (which can be considered as degrees around a circle) break the - // h down into x and y vectors, and add those up separately. Then find the - // angle between those two resulting vectors, and that's the "average" h - // value. - let x = 0; - let y = 0; - nEls.forEach((el) => { - const hRad = el.h * Math.PI / 180; - x += Math.cos(hRad); - y += Math.sin(hRad); - }); - - let h = Math.atan2(y, x); - h = h / Math.PI * 180; - - // apply some random drift, normalize - h += (Math.random() * layer.knobs.drift * 2) - layer.knobs.drift; - h = (h + 360) % 360; - - return newEl(h, l); - } -} - -class Universe { - constructor(canvasesByClass, layers) { - this.canvasesByClass = canvasesByClass; - this.state = new UniverseState(layers); - } - - update() { - this.state.tick++; - let prevLayer; - this.state.layers.forEach((layer, i) => { - layer.update(this.state, i); - prevLayer = layer; - }); - } - - draw() { - this.state.layers.forEach((layer) => { - if (!this.canvasesByClass[layer.className]) return; - this.canvasesByClass[layer.className].forEach((canvas) => { - layer.draw(canvas); - }); - }); - } -} - -</script> - -<style> - -.canvasContainer { - display: grid; - margin-bottom: 2rem; - text-align: center; -} - -canvas { - border: 1px dashed #AAA; - width: 100%; - grid-area: 1/1/2/2; -} - -</style> - -<div class="canvasContainer"> - <canvas class="layer1"></canvas> - <canvas class="layer2"></canvas> -</div> - -<div class="row"> - - <div class="columns six"> - <h3>Bottom Layer</h3> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer1"></canvas></div> - <div class="layer1 layerParams"> - <label>Max New Elements Per Tick</label><input type="text" param="maxNewElsPerTick" /> - <label>Color Drift</label><input type="text" param="drift" /> - <label>Age of Death</label><input type="text" param="ageOfDeath" /> - <label>Neighbor Scalar</label><input type="text" param="neighborScalar" /> - <label>Top Layer Neighbor Scalar</label><input type="text" param="nextLayerScalar" /> - <label>Top Layer Neighbor Likeness Scalar</label><input type="text" param="nextLayerLikenessScalar" /> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="columns six"> - <h3>Top Layer</h3> - <div class="canvasContainer"><canvas class="layer2"></canvas></div> - <div class="layer2 layerParams"> - <label>Max New Elements Per Tick</label><input type="text" param="maxNewElsPerTick" /> - <label>Color Drift</label><input type="text" param="drift" /> - <label>Age of Death</label><input type="text" param="ageOfDeath" /> - <label>Neighbor Scalar</label><input type="text" param="neighborScalar" /> - <label>Bottom Layer Neighbor Scalar</label><input type="text" param="prevLayerScalar" /> - <label>Bottom Layer Neighbor Likeness Scalar</label><input type="text" param="prevLayerLikenessScalar" /> - </div> - </div> - -</div> - -Once again, this visualization iterates upon the previous. In the last one the -top layer was able to "see" the bottom, and was therefore able to bolster or -penalize its own elements which were on or near bottom layer elements, but not -vice-versa. This time both layers can see each other, and the "Layer Neighbor -Scalar" can be used to adjust lifetime of elements which are on/near elements of -the neighboring layer. - -By default, the bottom layer has a high affinity to the top, and the top layer -has a some (but not as much) affinity in return. - -Another addition is the "likeness" scalar. Likeness is defined as the degree to -which one element is like another. In this visualization likeness is determined -by color. The "Layer Neighbor Likeness Scalar" adjusts the lifetime of elements -based on how like they are to nearby elements on the neighboring layer. - -By default, the top layer has a high affinity for the bottom's color, but the -bottom doesn't care about the top's color at all (and so its color will drift -aimlessly). - -And finally "Color Drift" can be used to adjust the degree to which the color of -new elements can diverge from its parents. This has always been hardcoded, but -can now be adjusted separately across the different layers. - -In the default configuration the top layer will (eventually) converge to roughly -match the bottom both in shape and color. When I first implemented the likeness -scaling I thought it was broken, because the top would never converge to the -bottom's color. - -What I eventually realized was that the top must have a higher color drift than -the bottom in order for it to do so, otherwise the top would always be playing -catchup. However, if the drift difference is _too_ high then the top layer -becomes chaos and also doesn't really follow the color of the bottom. A -difference of 10 (degrees out of 360) is seemingly enough. - -<script> - -const canvasesByClass = {}; -[...document.getElementsByTagName("canvas")].forEach((canvasDOM) => { - - const canvas = new Canvas(canvasDOM); - canvasDOM.classList.forEach((name) => { - if (!canvasesByClass[name]) canvasesByClass[name] = []; - canvasesByClass[name].push(canvas); - }) -}); - -const layers = [ - - new Layer("layer1", mkNewEl("90%"), { - maxNewElsPerTick: 2, - ageOfDeath: 30, - drift: 40, - neighborScalar: 50, - nextLayerScalar: 20, - }), - - new Layer("layer2", mkNewEl("50%", ), { - maxNewElsPerTick: 15, - ageOfDeath: 1, - drift: 50, - neighborScalar: 5, - prevLayerScalar: 5, - prevLayerLikenessScalar: 20, - }), - -]; - -for (const layer of layers) { - document.querySelectorAll(`.${layer.className}.layerParams > input`).forEach((input) => { - const param = input.getAttribute("param"); - - // pre-fill input values - input.value = layer.knobs[param]; - - input.onchange = () => { - console.log(`setting ${layer.className}.${param} to ${input.value}`); - layer.knobs[param] = input.value; - }; - }); -} - -const universe = new Universe(canvasesByClass, layers); - -const requestAnimationFrame = - window.requestAnimationFrame || - window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || - window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || - window.msRequestAnimationFrame; - -function doTick() { - universe.update(); - universe.draw(); - requestAnimationFrame(doTick); -} - -doTick(); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-06-maddy-vps.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-07-06-maddy-vps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 93c76d2..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-06-maddy-vps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,115 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Setting Up maddy On A VPS -description: >- - We have delivery! -tags: tech -series: selfhost ---- - -In the previous post I left off with being blocked by my ISP from sending -outbound emails on port 25, effectively forcing me to set up [maddy][maddy] on a -virtual private server (VPS) somewhere else. - -After some research I chose [Vultr][vultr] as my VPS of choice. They apparently -don't block you from sending outbound emails on port 25, and are in general -pretty cheap. I rented their smallest VPS server for $5/month, plus an -additional $3/month to reserve an IPv4 address (though I'm not sure I really -need that, I have dDNS set up at home and could easily get that working here as -well). - -## TLS - -The first major hurdle was getting TLS certs for `mydomain.com` (not the real -domain) onto my Vultr box. For the time being I've opted to effectively -copy-paste my local [LetsEncrypt][le] setup to Vultr, using certbot to -periodically update my records using DNS TXT challenges. - -The downside to this is that I now require my Cloudflare API key to be present -on the Vultr box, which effectively means that if the box ever gets owned -someone will have full access to all my DNS. For now I've locked down the box as -best as I can, and will look into changing the setup in the future. There's two -ways I could go about it: - -* SCP the certs from my local box to the remote everytime they're renewed. This - would require setting up a new user on the remote box with very narrow - privileges. This isn't the worst thing though. - -* Use a different challenge method than DNS TXT records. - -But again, I'm trying to set up maddy, not LetsEncrypt, and so I needed to move -on. - -## Deployment - -In the previous post I talked about how I'm using nix to generate a systemd -service file which encompasses all dependencies automatically, without needing -to install anything to the global system or my nix profile. - -Since that's already been set up, it's fairly trivial to use `nix-copy-closure` -to copy a service file, and _all_ of its dependencies (including configuration) -from my local box to the remote Vultr box. Simply: - -``` -nix-copy-closure -s <ssh host> <nix store path> -``` - -I whipped up some scripts around this so that I can run a single make target and -have it build the service (and all deps), do a `nix-copy-closure` to the remote -host, copy the service file into `/etc/systemd/service`, and restart the -service. - -## Changes - -For the most part the maddy deployment on the remote box is the same as on the -local one. Down the road I will likely change them both significantly, so that -the remote one only deals with SMTP (no need for IMAP) and the local one will -automatically forward all submitted messages to it. - -Once that's done, and the remote Vultr box is set up on my [nebula][nebula] -network, there won't be a need for the remote maddy to do any SMTP -authentication, since the submission endpoint can be made entirely private. - -For now, however, I've set up maddy on the remote box's public interface with -SMTP authentication enabled, to make testing easier. - -## Testing - -And now, to test it! I changed the SMTP credentials in my `~/.mailrc` file as -appropriate, and let a test email rip: - -``` -echo 'Hello! This is a cool email' | mailx -s 'Subject' -r 'Me <me@mydomain.com>' 'test.email@gmail.com' -``` - -This would, ideally, send an email from my SMTP server (on my domain) to a test -gmail domain. Unfortunately, it did not do that, but instead maddy spit this out -in its log: - -> maddy[1547]: queue: delivery attempt failed {"msg_id":"330a1ed9","rcpt":"mediocregopher@gmail.com","reason":"[2001:19f0:5001:355a:5400:3ff:fe73:3d02] Our system has detected that\nthis message does not meet IPv6 sending guidelines regarding PTR\nrecords and authentication. Please review\n https://support.google.com/mail/?p=IPv6AuthError for more information\n. gn42si18496961ejc.717 - gsmtp","remote_server":"gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.","smtp_code":550,"smtp_enchcode":"5.7.1","smtp_msg":"gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com. said: [2001:19f0:5001:355a:5400:3ff:fe73:3d02] Our system has detected that\nthis message does not meet IPv6 sending guidelines regarding PTR\nrecords and authentication. Please review\n https://support.google.com/mail/?p=IPv6AuthError for more information\n. gn42si18496961ejc.717 - gsmtp"} - -Luckily Vultr makes setting up PTR records for reverse DNS fairly easy. They -even allowed me to do it on my box's IPv6 address which I'm not paying to -reserve (though I'm not sure what the long-term risks of that are... can it -change?). - -Once done, I attempted to send my email again, and what do you know... - - - -Success! - -So now I can send emails. There are a few next steps from here: - -* Get the VPS on my nebula network and lock it down properly. - -* Fix the TLS cert situation. - -* Set up the remote maddy to forward submissions to my local maddy. - -* Use my sick new email! - -[maddy]: https://maddy.email -[le]: https://letsencrypt.org/ -[vultr]: https://www.vultr.com/ -[nebula]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-14-how-to-secure-a-webapp.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-07-14-how-to-secure-a-webapp.md deleted file mode 100644 index 155068d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-14-how-to-secure-a-webapp.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,315 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - How to Secure a Webapp -description: >- - Get ready to jump through some hoops. -tags: tech ---- - -In this post I will be documenting all security hoops that one must jump through -in order to consider their webapp secure. This list should not be considered -comprehensive, as I might have forgotten something or some new hoop might have -appeared since writing. - -For the context of this post a "webapp" will be considered to be an HTML/CSS/JS -website, loaded in a browser, with which users create and access accounts using -some set of credentials (probably username and password). In other words, most -popular websites today. This post will only cover those concerns which apply to -_all_ webapps of this nature, and so won't dive into any which might be incurred -by using one particular technology or another. - -Some of these hoops might seem redundant or optional. That may be the case. But -if you are building a website and are beholden to passing some third-party -security audit for any reason you'll likely find yourself being forced to -implement most, if not all, of these measures anyway. - -So without further ado, let's get started! - -## HTTPS - -At this point you have to use HTTPS, there's not excuse for not doing so. All -attempts to hit an HTTP endpoint should redirect to the equivalent HTTPS -endpoint, and you should be using [HSTS][hsts] to ensure that a browser is never -tricked into falling back to HTTP via some compromised DNS server. - -[hsts]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security - -## Cookies - -Cookies are an old web technology, and have always been essentially broken. Each -cookie can have certain flags set on it which change their behavior, and some of -these flags are required at this point. - -### Secure - -If you're storing anything sensitive in a cookie (spoiler alert: you will be) -then you need to have the Secure flag set on it. This prevents the cookie from -being sent in a non-HTTPS request. - -### HTTPOnly - -The HTTPOnly flag protects a cookie from XSS attacks by preventing it from being -accessible from javascript. Any cookie which is storing sensitive information -_must_ have this flag set. In the **Authentication** section we will cover the -storage of session tokens, but the TLDR is that they have to be stored in an -HTTPOnly cookie. - -Practically, this means that your sessions architecture _must_ account for the -fact that the webapp itself will not have direct access to its persistent -session token(s), and therefore must have some other way of knowing that it's -logged in (e.g. a secondary, non-HTTPOnly cookie which contains no secrets but -only signals that the browser is logged in). - -### SameSite - -The SameSite attribute can be set to `Strict`, `Lax`, or `None`. `Lax` is the -default in modern browsers and is sufficient for most security concerns, but if -you can go with `Strict` that would be better. The downside of `Strict` is that -cookies won't be sent on initial page-load of a site. - -In any case, even though `Lax` is the default you should still set this -attribute manually (or your auditor might get to add another bullet point to -their report). - -## Authentication - -Authentication is obviously one of the juiciest targets for an attacker. It's -one thing to be able to trick a user into performing this or that action, but if -one can just log in _as_ the user then they essentially have free-reign over all -their information. - -### Password History - -Most websites use a username/password system as the first step of login. This -is.... fine. We've accepted it, at any rate. But there's a couple of hoops which -must be jumped through as a result of it, and the first is password history. - -I hope it goes without saying that one should be using a hashing algorithm like -bcrypt to store user passwords. But what is often not said is that, for each -user, you need to store the hashes of their last N passwords (where N is -something like 8). This way if they attempt to re-use an old password they are -not able to do so. The users must be protected from themselves, afterall. - -### Credential Stuffing/Account Enumeration - -A credential stuffing attack is one where credentials are stolen from one -website and then attempted to be used on another, in the hope that users have -re-used their username/password across multiple sites. When they occur it'll -often look like a botnet spamming the authentication endpoint with tons of -different credentials. - -Account enumeration is a similar attack: it's where an attacker finds a way to -get the webapp to tell them whether or not an account email/username exists in -the system, without needing to have the right password. This is often done by -analyzing the error messages returned from login or a similar endpoint (e.g. -"Sorry this username is taken"). They then run through all possible values for -that endpoint to try and enumerate which users actually exist in the system. - -Account enumeration is tricky because often those errors are extremely helpful, -and we'd _like_ to keep them if we can. - -I've bucketed both of these attacks in the same section because they have a -similar solution: proof-of-work. The idea is that, for each request to some -sensitive endpoint, the client must send some proof that they've done an -intensive CPU computation. - -Compared to IP-based rate-limiting, PoW is much more effective against botnets -(which have a limitless set of IPs from which to spam you), while also being -much less intrusive on your real users than a captcha. - -PoW stymies botnets because they are generally being hosted by low-power, -compromised machines. In addition the systems that run these botnets are pretty -shallow in capability, because it's more lucrative to rent the botnet out then -to actually use it yourself, so it's rare for a botnet operator to go to the -trouble of implementing your PoW algorithm in the first place. - -So stick a PoW requirement on any login or account creation endpoint, or any -other endpoint which might be used to enumerate accounts in the system. You can -even make the PoW difficulty rise in relation to number of recent attempts on -these endpoints, if you're feeling spry. - -### MFA - -All the PoW checks in the world won't help your poor user who isn't using a -different username/password for each website, and who got unlucky enough to have -those credentials leaked in a hack of a completely separate site than your own. -They also won't help your user if they _are_ using different username/passwords -for everything, but their machine gets straight up stolen IRL and the attacker -gets access to their credential storage. - -What _will_ help them in these cases, however, is if your site supports -multi-factor authentication, such as [TOTP][totp]. If it does then your user -will have a further line of defense in the form of another password which -changes every 30 seconds, and which can only be accessed from a secondary device -(like their phone). If your site claims to care about the security of your -user's account then MFA is an absolute requirement. - -It should be noted, however, that not all MFA is created equal. A TOTP system -is great, but a one-time code being sent over SMS or email is totally different -and not nearly as great. SMS is vulnerable to [SIM jacking][sim], which can be -easily used in a targeted attack against one of your users. One-time codes over -email are pointless for MFA, as most people have their email logged in on their -machine all the time, so if someone steals your user's machine they're still -screwed. - -In summary: MFA is essentially required, _especially_ if the user's account is -linked to anything valuable, and must be done with real MFA systems like TOTP, -not SMS or email. - -[totp]: https://www.twilio.com/docs/glossary/totp -[sim]: https://www.vice.com/en/article/3kx4ej/sim-jacking-mobile-phone-fraud - -### Login Notifications - -Whenever a user successfully logs into their account you should send them email -(or some other notification) letting them know it happened. This way if it -wasn't actually them who did so, but an attacker, they can perhaps act quickly -to lock down their account and prevent any further harm. The login notification -email should have some kind of link in it which can be used to immediately lock -the account. - -### Token Storage - -Once your user has logged into your webapp, it's up to you, the developer, to -store their session token(s) somewhere. The question is... where? Well this -one's easy, because there's only one right answer: HTTPOnly cookies (as alluded -to earlier). - -When storing session tokens you want to guard against XSS attacks which might -grab the tokens and send them to an attacker, allowing that attacker to hijack -the session and pose as the user. This means the following are not suitable -places to store the tokens: - -* Local storage. -* `window`, or anything which can be accessed via `window`. -* Non-HTTPOnly cookies. - -Any of these are trivial to find by a script running in the browser. If a -session token is ephemeral then it may be stored in a "normal" javascript -variable somewhere _as long as_ that variable isn't accessible from a global -context. But for any tokens which need to be persisted across browser restarts -an HTTPOnly cookie is your only option. - -## Cross-Site - -Speaking of XSS attacks, we have some more mitigation coming up... - -### CSP - -Setting a [CSP][csp] for your website is key to preventing XSS. A CSP allows you -to more tightly control the allowed origins of the various entities on your site -(be they scripts, styles, images, etc...). If an entity of unexpected origin -shows up it is disallowed. - -Be sure to avoid any usages of the policies labeled "unsafe" (go figure), -otherwise the CSP is rendered somewhat pointless. Also, when using hostname -based allowlisting try to be as narrow as you can in your allowlist, and -especially only include https hosts. If you can you should opt for the `nonce` -or `sha` policies. - -[csp]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP - -### SVG - -A small but important note: if you're website allows users to upload images, -then be _very_ careful about allowing users to upload SVGs. SVGs are actually -XML documents, and even worse than that they allow `<script>` tags within them! -So you need to be very careful about allowing SVGs to be uploaded. If you can -get away with it, it's better to disallow their use at all. - -## CSRF - -The web was designed in a time when cross-site requests were a considered -feature. This has proven to be a massive mistake. We have two cross-site request -prevention techniques in this list. The first is CSRF. - -CSRF protection will cover you from a variety of attacks, mostly of the kind -where an attacker embeds a `<form>` on their own webpage, with the form set up -to POST to _your_ website in some way. When a user of your website lands on the -attacker's page and triggers the POST, the POST will be sent along with whatever -cookies the user has stored in their browser for _your_ site! - -The attacker could, potentially, trick a user into submitting a password-reset -request using a known value, or withdrawing all their money into the attacker's -bank account, or anything else the user might be able to do on their own. - -The idea with CSRF is that any HTTP request made against an API should have an -unguessable token as a required parameter, called the CSRF token. The CSRF token -should be given to your webapp in a way where only your webapp could know it. -There are many ways to accomplish this, including a cookie, server-side embedded -value, etc... OWASP has put together an [entire cheatsheet full of CSRF -methods][csrf] which is well worth checking out. - -[csrf]: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html - -## CORS - -CORS is the other half of cross-site protection. With CSRF in place it's -somewhat redundant, but it's good to have multiple layers of protection in place -(in case you fuck up one of them by accident). - -The key thing one must do for CORS protection is to set the -`Access-Control-Allow-Origin` to the origin a request is being sent from _only -if you trust that origin_. If you stick a wildcard in that header then you're -not doing anything. - -## Random Headers - -The rest of this is random HTTP headers which must be set in various contexts to -protect your users. - -### Permissions Policy - -The [Permissions-Policy][pp] header is fairly new and not fully standardized -yet, but there is support for it so it's worth using. It allows you to specify -exactly which browser features you expect your webapp to need, and therefore -prevent an attacker from taking advantage of some other feature that you were -never going to use anyway. - -[pp]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Feature-Policy - -### X-Content-Type-Options - -It's important to set `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff` on virtually all -HTTP responses, in order to (theoretically) prevent a browser from inferring the -MIME of the returned content. - -### X-Frame-Options - -Set `X-Frame-Options: deny` to prevent your webapp from being rendered in a -frame or iframe on someone else's site, which might then be used to trick one of -your users into doing something stupid. - -### X-XSS-Protection - -Set `X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block` to give older browsers which lack CSP -support some extra defense against XSS attacks. It's not super clear to me what -exactly this actually does, but it's easy enough to set. - -### Referrer-Policy - -Set the `Referrer-Policy` to inform your users' browsers to not send the -`Referer` header to third-party sites when your users navigate away from your -site. You don't want other websites to be able to see _yours_ in their logs, as -they could then correlate which users of theirs have accounts with you (and so -potentially have some easy targets). - -### Cache-Control/Pragma - -For all requests which return sensitive information (i.e. any authenticated -requests) it's important to set `Cache-Control: no-store` and `Pragma: no-cache` -on the response. This prevents some middle server or the browser from caching -the response, and potentially returning it later to someone else using your site -from the same location. - -## That's It - -It's probably not it, actually, these are just what I could think of off the top -of my head. Please email me if I missed any. - -If you, like me, find yourself asking "how is anyone supposed to have figured -this out?" then you should A) thank me for writing it all down for you and B) -realize that at least 50% of this list has nothing to do with the web, really, -and everything to do with covering up holes that backwards compatibility has -left open. We can cover these holes, we just need everyone to agree on the path -to doing so, and to allow ourselves to leave some ancient users behind. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-18-radix-v4.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-07-18-radix-v4.md deleted file mode 100644 index bb0d04d..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-07-18-radix-v4.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,248 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - V4 of Radix, a Golang Redis Driver -description: >- - What's new, what's improved, and where we're going from here. -tags: tech ---- - -Radix is a Go driver for the [Redis][redis] database. The current stable release -is v3, the docs for which can be found [here][v3]. Over the past year -(perhaps longer) I've been working on a new version, v4, with the aim of -addressing some of the shortcomings of v3 and distilling the API a bit better. - -At this point v4 is in beta. While there's still some internal bugs and QoL -improvements which need to be made, the API is roughly stable and I wouldn't -discourage anyone from using it for a non-critical project. In the coming months -I intend on finishing the polish and tagging a `v4.0.0` release, but in the -meantime let's go over the major changes and improvements in v4! - -You can see the v4 documentation [here][v4], if you'd like to follow along with -any of the particulars, and you can see the full CHANGELOG [here][changelog]. - -## Shoutouts - -Before continuing I want to give to give a huge shoutout to -[nussjustin][nussjustin]. Since before v3 was even stable Justin has been -contributing to radix in every way possible, from running benchmarks and making -very low-level performance improvements to building whole user-facing features -and responding to github issues when I get lost in the woods. Thank you Justin! - -## RESP3 - -Starting at the lowest level, v4 supports new redis's new wire protocol, -[RESP3][resp3]. This new protocol is (mostly) backwards compatible with the -previous wire protocol, and is really more an extension than anything. The [new -resp3 sub-package][resp3pkg] is capable of marshaling and unmarshaling all new -wire types, including the streamed aggregates and streamed strings. - -A major improvement made on the API level is addition of the -[resp.Opts][respOpts] type, which is used to propagate things like byte buffers -and buffered readers. Doing this allows the resp3 package to reduce memory -allocations without relying on something like `sync.Pool`, which introduces -locking overhead. - -There's still some question to be answered regarding the best way for the main -radix package to deal with the new push and attribute types, but the resp3 -package is general-purpose enough to handle most strategies in the future. - -In fact, the RESP3 protocol as a whole (and therefore v4's associated resp3 -sub-package) is totally usable outside of redis. If you're looking for a -human-readable, binary safe, fast, and simple wire protocol which already has -great tooling and libraries across multiple programming languages, I highly -recommend checking out RESP3. - -## Conn - -Arguably one of the biggest design warts of v3, in my eyes, is the -[CmdAction][cmdaction] type. This type required to allow for pipelining, which -is a feature of redis where you can write new commands to a redis connection -prior to previous ones returning their results. The major upside of pipelining -is that N pipelined commands will only result in 2 system calls (a network write -then a network read), rather than 2N system calls (N writes and N reads) if each -command was performed independently. - -The normal v3 Action type is fairly opaque, and would perform both the write and -read internally without exposing any way to do some other action in between -(such as performing writes/reads for other commands in a pipeline). CmdAction -extends Action to allow the write and read to be performed independently, and -then leaves it to the Pipeline type to deal with the batching. - -v4 gets rid of the need for CmdAction, while allowing even more Action types to -be pipeline-able than before (e.g. [EvalScript][evalscript]). This was done by -coalescing the Encode and Decode methods on the [Conn][conn] type into a single -method: EncodeDecode. By doing this we allow Actions to perform the write/read -steps in a way which groups the two together, but leaves it to Conn to actually -perform the steps in its own way. - -Because Conn now has knowledge of which read/write steps go together, it's -possible to perform pipelining in nearly all cases. Aside from using the -Pipeline type manually, the v4 Conn is able to automatically pipeline most -Actions when they are performed concurrently on the same Conn. v3 had a similar -feature, called "implicit pipelining", but v4 rebrands the feature as -"connection sharing" since the mechanism is slightly different and the -applicability is broader. - -Despite the apparent simplicity of the change (combining Encode and Decode -methods), this resulted in probably the largest code difference between v3 and -v4, involving the most complex new logic and package-wide refactorings. But the -end result is a simpler, smaller API which can be applied to more use-cases. A -great win! - -## Pool - -In v3 the connection pool, the Pool type, was implemented with the assumption -that each Action (or CmdAction) would borrow a Conn for the duration of the -Action. As such the Pool expects to be creating and destroying connections as -load increases and decreases; if number of concurrent commands goes up then -number of connections required to handle them goes up as well, and vice-versa. - -Down the road the Pool became responsible for performing implicit pipelining as -well. This allowed for grouping together many commands on the same connection, -reducing pressure on connection creation greatly, but nevertheless the Pool kept -that same general pattern of dynamic connection pool sizing. - -In v4 there is no longer the assumption that each command gets its own -connection, and in fact that assumption is flipped: each connection is expected -to handle multiple commands concurrently in almost all cases. This means the -Pool can get rid of the dynamism, and opt instead for a simple static connection -pool size. There is still room in the API for some dynamic connection sizing to -be implemented later, but it's mostly unnecessary now. - -Some care should be used with commands which _can't_ be pipelined, for example -blocking commands like BRPOPLPUSH and XREAD. These commands, ideally, should be -performed on an individual Conn created just for that purpose. Pool _will_ -properly handle them if needed, but with the caveat that the Action which will -essentially remove a Conn from the Pool for its duration. - -[The new Pool][pool] is _vastly_ simpler in implementation than the old, as most -of the complexity has been moved into Conn. Really this whole section is an -extension of the refactoring which was started by the changes to Conn. - -## MultiClient - -In v3 there was a single Client type which was used to encompass Conn, Pool, -Sentinel, and Cluster, with the aim that users could just use Client in their -code and easily swap out the underlying implementation as needed. - -In practice this didn't work out. The original Client type only had a Do method -for performing Actions, which would always perform the Actions against the -primary instance in the case of Cluster and Sentinel. Cluster and Sentinel ended -up being extended with DoSecondary methods, and Cluster required its own -constructor for Scanner, so if you used any of those features you would not be -able to use Client. - -v4 improves this situation by introducing the [MultiClient][multiclient] -interface, which is implemented by both Cluster and Sentinel, while Conn and -Pool only implement [Client][client]. Client is intended for clients which -interact with only a single redis instance, while MultiClient is intended for -use by clients which encompass multiple redis instances, and makes the -distinction between primary and secondary instances. - -In general, users will want to use MultiClient in their code and swap the -underlying implementation as their infrastructure evolves. When using only a -single Pool, one can make it into a MultiClient using the new -[ReplicaSet][replicaset]. - -One can also implement their own MultiClient's fairly easily, to handle their -own custom sharding or failover systems. It's not a common use-case, but it's -cool that existing types like Scanner will still continue to work. - -## Contexts - -A common feature request of v3 was for support for Go's [Contexts][context], -which would allow callers to unblock blocked operations in a dynamic way. There -wasn't a clear way to incorporate Contexts into v3 without greatly expanding the -API (something the Go standard library has had to do), and so I saved them for -v4. - -In v4 all operations which might potentially block accept a Context argument. -This takes the place of timeout options and some trace events which were used in -v3, and in general simplifies things for the user. - -This was a change for which there is not much to talk about, but which required -a _lot_ of work internally. Go's Contexts do not play nicely with its networking -primitives, and making this all work alongside connection sharing and pipelining -is a really hairy puzzle (for which there's a few open bugs still). I may one -day write a blog post just about this topic, if I can figure out how to explain -it in a way which isn't completely mind-numbing. - -## Configuration - -Constructors in v3 took advantage of the [functional options pattern][opts] for -accepting optional parameters. While this pattern _looks_ nice, I've since -grown out of love with it. The implementation is a lot more complex, its -behavior is more ambiguous to users in certain cases (what happens if the same -option is passed in twice?), it makes documentation more complex, and a slice of -option functions isn't inspectable or serializable like a struct is. - -v4 uses a config struct pattern, but in a different way than I've generally seen -it. See [Pool's constructor][pool] for an example. This pattern is functionally -the same as passing the config struct as an argument to the constructor, but I -think it results in a nicer grouping in the documentation. - -## Smaller Changes - -There's some smaller sets of changes which are worth mentioning. These didn't -result in huge, package-wide changes, but will be useful for users of specific -functionality. - -### Action Properties - -[v4's Action type][action] has a Properties method which returns a struct -containing various fields which are useful for client's performing the Action. -This is an improvement over v3's Action, which had no such method, in that it's -more extensible going forward. Those implementing their own custom Actions -should take care to understand the Action properties. - -### PubSub - -The v4 [PubSubConn][pubsub] has been completely redesigned from v3's -implementation. The old design tried to do too much, and resulted in weird -edge-cases when trying to tear down a connection that a user would have to -handle themselves. The new design is simple both in implementation and usage. - -### Tracing - -The v4 [trace][trace] sub-package has been extended to support tracing Sentinel -events, but at the same time has been cleaned out of all events which could be -otherwise inferred by using Context values or wrapping an interface like Conn, -Action, etc... - -## What's Next - -Obviously the most immediate goal is to get v4 stable and tagged. Once that's -done I'm sure there will be many small bugs, feature requests, etc... which come -up over time, and I'll do my best to address those as quickly as I can. I'm -very excited to start using v4 in my own day-to-day work like I currently do for -v3; it has a lot of great improvements and new flexibility that will make using -Go and redis together an even better experience than it already is. - -That all said, I don't expect there to be a radix v5. I have a lot of other -projects I'd like to work on, and radix is a huge time-sink. As time goes on v4 -will stabilize further and further, until all that's left is for it to gain -additional support for whatever new crazy features redis comes up with. My hope -is that the existing API is flexibile enough to allow others to fill in those -gaps without any major changes to the existing code, and radix v4 can be the -final major radix version. - -[redis]: https://redis.io -[v3]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v3#section-documentation -[v4]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#section-documentation -[nussjustin]: https://github.com/nussjustin -[resp3]: https://github.com/antirez/RESP3 -[resp3pkg]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4/resp/resp3 -[respOpts]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4/resp#Opts -[changelog]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/radix/blob/v4/CHANGELOG.md -[cmdaction]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v3#CmdAction -[evalscript]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#EvalScript -[conn]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#Conn -[pool]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#PoolConfig.New -[multiclient]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#MultiClient -[client]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#Client -[replicaset]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#ReplicaSet -[context]: https://blog.golang.org/context -[opts]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/10/17/functional-options-for-friendly-apis -[action]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#Action -[pubsub]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4#PubSubConn -[trace]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v4/trace diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-08-04-selfhosting-a-blog-mailing-list.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-08-04-selfhosting-a-blog-mailing-list.md deleted file mode 100644 index 749bd02..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-08-04-selfhosting-a-blog-mailing-list.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,209 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Self-Hosting a Blog Mailing List -description: >- - For fun and no profit. -tags: tech ---- - -As of this week the Mediocre Blog has a new follow mechanism: email! [Sign up -on the **Follow** page][follow] and you'll get an email everytime a new post -is published to the blog. It's like RSS, except there's a slight chance you -might actually use it. - -This post will detail my relatively simple setup for this, linking to points -within my blog's server code which are relevant. While I didn't deliberately -package my code up into a nice public package, if you know have some cursory -knowledge of Go you could probably rip my code and make it work for you. Don't -worry, it has a [permissive license](/assets/wtfpl.txt). - -[follow]: /follow.html - -## Email Server - -Self-hosting email is the hardest and most foreign part of this whole -thing for most devs. The long and the short of it is that it's very unlikely you -can do this without renting a VPS somewhere. Luckily there are VPSs out there -which are cheap and which allow SMTP traffic, so it's really just a matter of -biting the cost bullet and letting your definition of "self-hosted" be a bit -flexible. At least you still control the code! - -I highly recommend [maddy][maddy] as an email server which has everything you -need out of the box, no docker requirements, and a flexible-yet-simple -configuration language. I've discussed [in previous posts][maddypost] the -general steps I've used to set up maddy on a remote VPS, and so I won't -re-iterate here. Just know that I have a VPS on my private [nebula][nebula] VPN, -with a maddy server listening for outgoing mail on port 587, with -username/password authentication on that port. - -[maddy]: https://maddy.email -[maddypost]: {% post_url 2021-07-06-maddy-vps %} -[nebula]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula - -## General API Design - -The rest of the system lies within the Go server which hosts my blog. There is -only a single instance of the server, and it runs in my living room. With these -as the baseline environmental requirements, the rest of the design follows -easily: - -* The Go server provides [three REST API endpoints][restendpoints]: - - - `POST /api/mailinglist/subscribe`: Accepts a POST form argument `email`, sends a - verification email to that email address. - - - `POST /api/mailinglist/finalize`: Accepts a POST form argument `subToken`, - which is a random token sent to the user when they subscribe. Only by - finalizing their subscription can a user be considered actually - subscribed. - - - `POST /api/mailinglist/unsubscribe`: Accepts a POST form argument - `unsubToken`, which is sent with each blog post notification to the user. - -* The static frontend code has [two pages][staticpages] related to the mailing - list: - - - `/mailinglist/finalize.html`: The verification email which is sent to the - user links to this page, with the `subToken` as a GET argument. This page - then submits the `subToken` to the `POST /api/mailinglist/finalize` - endpoint. - - - `/mailinglist/unsubscribe.html`: Each blog post notification email sent to - users contains a link to this page, with an `unsubToken` as a GET - argument. This page then submits the `unsubToken` to the `POST - /api/mailinglist/unsubscribe` endpoint. - -It's a pretty small API, but it covers all the important things, namely -verification (because I don't want people signed up against their will, nor do I -want to be sending emails to fake email addresses), and unsubscribing. - -[restendpoints]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/5ca7dadd02fb49dd62ad448d12021359e41beec1/srv/cmd/mediocre-blog/main.go#L169 -[staticpages]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/tree/9c3ea8dd803d6f0df768e3ae37f8c4ab2efbcc5c/static/src/mailinglist - -## Proof-of-work - -It was important to me that someone couldn't just sit and submit random emails -to the `POST /api/mailinglist/subscribe` endpoint in a loop, causing my email -server to eventually get blacklisted. To prevent this I've implemented a simple -proof-of-work (PoW) system, whereby the client must first obtain a PoW -challenge, generate a solution for that challenge (which involves a lot of CPU -time), and then submit that solution as part of the subscribe endpoint call. - -Both the [server-side][powserver] and [client-side][powclient] code can be found -in the blog's git repo. You could theoretically view the Go documentation for -the server code on pkg.go.dev, but apparently their bot doesn't like my WTFPL. - -When providing a challenge to the client, the server sends back two values: the -seed and the target. - -The target is simply a number whose purpose will become apparent in a second. - -The seed is a byte-string which encodes: - -* Some random bytes. - -* An expiration timestamp. - -* A target (matching the one returned to the client alongside the seed). - -* An HMAC-MD5 which signs all of the above. - -When the client submits a valid solution the server checks the HMAC to ensure -that the seed was generated by the server, it checks the expiration to make sure -the client didn't take too long to solve it, and it checks in an [internal -storage][powserverstore] whether that seed hasn't already been solved. Because -the expiration is built into the seed the server doesn't have to store each -solved seed forever, only until the seed has expired. - -To generate a solution to the challenge the client does the following: - -* Concatenate up to `len(seed)` random bytes onto the original seed given by the - server. - -* Calculate the SHA512 of that. - -* Parse the first 4 bytes of the resulting hash as a big-endian uint32. - -* If that uint32 is less than the target then the random bytes generated in the - first step are a valid solution. Otherwise the client loops back to the first - step. - -Finally, a new endpoint was added: `GET /api/pow/challenge`, which returns a PoW -seed and target for the client to solve. Since seeds don't require storage in a -database until _after_ they are solved there are essentially no consequences to -someone spamming this in a loop. - -With all of that in place, the `POST /api/mailinglist/subscribe` endpoint -described before now also requires a `powSeed` and a `powSolution` argument. The -[Follow][follow] page, prior to submitting a subscribe request, first retrieves -a PoW challenge, generates a solution, and only _then_ will it submit the -subscribe request. - -[powserver]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/9c3ea8dd803d6f0df768e3ae37f8c4ab2efbcc5c/srv/pow/pow.go -[powserverstore]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/5ca7dadd02fb49dd62ad448d12021359e41beec1/srv/pow/store.go -[powclient]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/9c3ea8dd803d6f0df768e3ae37f8c4ab2efbcc5c/static/src/assets/solvePow.js - -## Storage - -Storage of emails is fairly straightforward: since I'm not running this server -on multiple hosts, I can just use [SQLite][sqlite]. My code for storage in -SQLite can all be found [here][sqlitecode]. - -My SQLite table has a single table: - -``` -CREATE TABLE emails ( - id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, - email TEXT NOT NULL, - sub_token TEXT NOT NULL, - created_at INTEGER NOT NULL, - - unsub_token TEXT, - verified_at INTEGER -) -``` - -It will probably one day need an index on `sub_token` and `unsub_token`, but I'm -not quite there yet. - -The `id` field is generated by first lowercasing the email (because emails are -case-insensitive) and then hashing it. This way I can be sure to identify -duplicates easily. It's still possible for someone to do the `+` trick to get -their email in multiple times, but as long as they verify each one I don't -really care. - -[sqlite]: https://sqlite.org/index.html -[sqlitecode]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/5ca7dadd02fb49dd62ad448d12021359e41beec1/srv/mailinglist/store.go - -## Publishing - -Publishing is quite easy: my [MailingList interface][mailinglistinterface] has a -`Publish` method on it, which loops through all records in the SQLite table, -discards those which aren't verified, and sends an email to the rest containing: - -* A pleasant greeting. - -* The new post's title and URL. - -* An unsubscribe link. - -I will then use a command-line interface to call this `Publish` method. I -haven't actually made that interface yet, but no one is subscribed yet so it -doesn't matter. - -[mailinglistinterface]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/blog.mediocregopher.com/blob/5ca7dadd02fb49dd62ad448d12021359e41beec1/srv/mailinglist/mailinglist.go#L23 - -## Easy-Peasy - -The hardest part of the whole thing was probably getting maddy set up, with a -close second being trying to decode a hex string to a byte string in javascript -(I tried Crypto-JS, but it wasn't working without dragging in webpack or a bunch -of other nonsense, and vanilla JS doesn't have any way to do it!). - -Hopefully reading this will make you consider self-hosting your own blog's -mailing list as well. If we let these big companies keep taking over all -internet functionality then eventually they'll finagle the standards so that -no one can self-host anything, and we'll have to start all over. - -And really, do you _need_ tracking code on the emails you send out for your -recipe blog? Just let your users ignore you in peace and quiet. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-08-26-the-syntax-of-ginger.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-08-26-the-syntax-of-ginger.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4ff64d8..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-08-26-the-syntax-of-ginger.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,480 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - The Syntax of Ginger -description: >- - Oh man, this got real fun real quick. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -Finally I have a syntax for ginger that I'm happy with. This has actually been a -huge roadblock for me up till this point. There's a bit of a chicken-and-the-egg -problem with the syntax: without pinning down the structures underlying the -syntax it's difficult to develop one, but without an idea of syntax it's -difficult to know what structures will be ergonomic to use. - -I've been focusing on the structures so far, and have only now pinned down the -syntax. Let's see what it looks like. - -## Preface: Conditionals - -I've so far written [two][cond1] [posts][cond2] regarding conditionals in -ginger. After more reflection, I think I'm going to stick with my _original_ -gut, which was to only have value and tuple vertices (no forks), and to use a -function which accepts both a boolean and two input edges: the first being the -one to take if the boolean is true, and the second being the one to take if it's -false. - -Aka, the very first proposal in the [first post][cond1]. It's hard to justify -up-front, but I think once you see it in action with a clean syntax you'll agree -it just kind of works. - -[cond1]: {% post_url 2021-03-01-conditionals-in-ginger %} -[cond2]: {% post_url 2021-03-04-conditionals-in-ginger-errata %} - -## Designing a Syntax - -Ginger is a bit of a strange language. It uses strange datastructures in strange -ways. But approaching the building of a syntax for any language is actually -straightforward: you're designing a serialization protocol. - -To pull back a bit, consider a list of words. How would you encode this list in -order to write it to a file? To answer this, let's flip the question: how would -you design a sequence of characters (ie the contents of the file) such that the -reader could reconstruct the list? - -Well, constructing the list from a sequence of characters requires being able to -construct it _at all_, so in what ways is the list constructed? For this list, -let's say there's only an append operation, which accepts a list and a value to -append to it, and returns the result. - -If we say that append is encoded via wrapping parenthesis around its two -arguments, and that `()` encodes the empty list, then we get a syntax like... - -``` -(((() foo) bar) baz) -``` - -...which, in this instance, decodes to a list containing the words, "foo", "bar", -and "baz", in that order. - -It's not a pretty syntax, but it demonstrates the method. If you know how the -datastructure is constructed via code, you know what capabilities the syntax must -have and how it needs to fit together. - -## gg - -All of this amounted to me needing to implement the ginger graph in some other -language, in order to see what features the syntax must have. - -A few years ago I had begun an implementation of a graph datastructure in go, to -use as the base (or at least a reference) for ginger. I had called this -implementation `gg` (ginger graph), with the intention that this would also be -the file extension used to hold ginger code (how clever). - -The basic qualities I wanted in a graph datastructure for ginger were, and still -are: - -* Immutability, ie all operations which modify the structure should return a - copy, leaving the original intact. - -* Support for tuples. - -* The property that it should be impossible to construct an invalid graph. An - invalid graph might be, for example, one where there is a single node with no - edges. - -* Well tested, and reasonably performant. - -Coming back to all this after a few years I had expected to have a graph -datastructure implemented, possibly with immutability, but lacking in tuples and -tests. As it turns out I completely underestimated my past self, because as far -as I can tell I had already finished the damn thing, tuples, tests and all. - -It looks like that's the point where I stopped, probably for being unsure about -some other aspect of the language, and my motivation fell off. The fact that -I've come back to ginger, after all these years, and essentially rederived the -same language all over again, gives me a lot of confidence that I'm on the right -track (and a lot of respect for my past self for having done all this work!) - -The basic API I came up with for building ginger graphs (ggs) looks like this: - -```go -package gg - -// OpenEdge represents an edge with a source value but no destination value, -// with an optional value on it. On its own an OpenEdge has no meaning, but is -// used as a building block for making Graphs. -type OpenEdge struct{ ... } - -// TupleOut constructs an OpenEdge leading from a tuple, which is comprised of -// the given OpenEdges leading into it, with an optional edge value. -func TupleOut(ins []OpenEdge, edgeVal Value) OpenEdge - -// ValueOut constructs an OpenEdge leading from a non-tuple value, with an -// optional edge value. -func ValueOut(val, edgeVal Value) OpenEdge - -// ZeroGraph is an empty Graph, from which all Graphs are constructed via calls -// to AddValueIn. -var ZeroGraph = &Graph{ ... } - -// Graph is an immutable graph structure, formed from a collection of edges -// between values and tuples. -type Graph struct{ ... } - -// AddValueIn returns a new Graph which is a copy of the original, with the -// addition of a new edge. The new edge's source and edge value come from the -// given OpenEdge, and the edge's destination value is the given value. -func (g *Graph) AddValueIn(oe OpenEdge, val Value) *Graph -``` - -The actual API is larger than this, and includes methods to remove edges, -iterate over edges and values, and perform unions and disjoins of ggs. But the -above are the elements which are required only for _making_ ggs, which is all -that a syntax is concerned with. - -As a demonstration, here is how one would construct the `min` operation, which -takes two numbers and returns the smaller, using the `gg` package: - -```go -// a, b, in, out, if, etc.. are Values which represent the respective symbol. - -// a is the result of passing in to the 0 operation, ie a is the 0th element of -// the in tuple. -min := gg.ZeroGraph.AddValueIn(gg.ValueOut(in, 0), a) - -// b is the 1st element of the in tuple -min = min.AddValueIn(gg.ValueOut(in, 1), b) - -// out is the result of an if which compares a and b together, and which returns -// the lesser. -min = min.AddValueIn(out, gg.TupleOut([]gg.OpenEdge{ - gg.TupleOut([]gg.OpenEdge{a, b}, lt), - a, - b, -}, if) -``` - -And here's a demonstration of how this `min` would be used: - -```go -// out is the result of passing 1 and 5 to the min operation. -gg.ZeroGraph.AddValueIn(gg.TupleOut([]gg.OpenEdge{1, 5}, min), out) -``` - -## Make it Nice - -_Technically_ we're done. We have an implementation of the language's underlying -structure, and a syntax which encodes it (ie the ugly ass go syntax above). But -obviously I'm not proposing anyone actually use that. - -Another thing I found when digging around in the old ginger repo was a text -file, tucked away in a directory called "sandbox", which had a primitive syntax -which _almost_ worked. I won't copy it here, but you can find it if you care to. -But with that as a foundation I came up with a crude, rough draft spec, which -maps the go syntax to the new syntax. - -``` -ValueOut(val, edgeVal) : -edgeVal-val -ValueOut(val, null) : -val -TupleOut([]val, edgeVal) : -edgeVal-(val, ...) -TupleOut([]val, null) : -(val, ...) -Graph(openEdge->val, ...) : { val openEdge, ... } -``` - -A couple things to note about this spec: - -* `null` is used to indicate absence of value on an edge. The details of `null` - are yet to be worked out, but we can use this placeholder for now. - -* `Graph` is cheating a bit. In the original `gg` implementation a Graph gains - its OpenEdge/Value pairs via successive calls to `AddValueIn`. However, such a - pattern doesn't translate well to text, and since we're dealing purely with - constructing an entire Graph at once we can instead have our Graph syntax - declare all OpenEdge/Value pairs at once. - -* It's backwards! Eg where the go syntax does `ValueOut(val, edgeVal)`, the - proposed spec puts the values in the opposite order: `-edgeVal-val`. The - former results in code which is read from input to output, while the latter - results in the opposite: output to input. - - This was a tip I picked up from the old text file I found, and the result is - code which is more familiar to an existing programmer. I _think_ (but am - not sure) that it's also more in line with how programming is done mentally, - ie we start with a result and work backwards to figure out what it takes to - get there. - - It's possible, though, that I'm wrong, so at this end of this post I'm going - to put some examples of the same code both "forwards" and "backwards" and see - how I feel about it. - -With all that said, let's see it in action! Here's `min` implemented in our shiny new syntax: - -``` -min -{ - a -0-in, - b -1-in, - out -if-( - -lt-(-a,-b), - -a, - -b - ) -} -``` - -and then here's it being used: - -``` -out -min-(-1,-5) -``` - -## Make it _Nicer_ - -The most striking feature of this rough draft spec is all the prefix dashes, -such as in the `-min-(-1,-5)` statement. These dashes were included as they make -sense in the context of what the intended human interpretation of the structure -is: two values, `1`, and `5`, are being _piped into_ the two slots of a 2-tuple, -and that 2-tuple is being _piped into_ the `min` operation, the output of which -is being _piped into_ something `out`. - -The "piping into" is what the dash represents, which is why the top level values -in the graph, `a`, `b`, and `out`, don't have a preceding dash; they are the -ultimate destinations of the pipes leading to them. But these pipes are -ultimately ugly, and also introduce odd questions like "how do we represent --1?", so they need to go. - -So I've made a second draft, which is only a few changes away from the rough, -but oh man do those changes make a world of difference. Here's the cleaned up -spec: - -``` -ValueOut(val, edgeVal) : edgeVal(val) -ValueOut(val, null) : val -TupleOut([]val, edgeVal) : edgeVal(val, ...) -TupleOut([]val, null) : (val, ...) -Graph(openEdge->val, ...) : { val = openEdge, ... } -``` - -The dashes were simply removed, and the `edgeVal` and `val` concatted together. -For `ValueOut(val, edgeVal)` wrapping parenthesis were put around `val`, to -delineate it and `edgeVal`. This conflicts with the syntax for `TupleOut([]val, -edgeVal)`, but that conflict is easy to remedy: when parenthesis wrap only a -single `val` then that is a `ValueOut`, otherwise it's a `TupleOut`. - -Another change is to add an `=` between the `val` and `openEdge` in the `Graph` -constructor. This is a purely aesthetic change, but as you'll see it works well. - -So let's see it! `min` implemented with this cleaned up syntax: - -``` -min = { - a = 0(in), - b = 1(in), - out = if( - lt(a,b), - a, - b - ) -} -``` - -And then its use: - -``` -min(1,5) -``` - -Well well well, look what we have here: a conventional programming language -syntax! `{`/`}` wrap a scope, and `(`/`)` wrap function arguments and -(optionally) single values. It's a lot clearer now that `0` and `1` are being -used as operations themselves when instantiating `a` and `b`, and `if` is much -more readable. - -I was extremely surprised at how well this actually worked out. Despite having -drastically different underpinnings than most languages it ends up looking both -familiar and obvious. How cool! - -## Examples Examples Examples - -Here's a collection of example programs written in this new syntax. The base -structure of these are borrowed from previous posts, I'm merely translating that -structure into a new form: - -``` -// decr outputs one less than the input. -decr = { out = add(in, -1) } - -// fib accepts a number i, and outputs the ith fibonacci number. -fib = { - - inner = { - n = 0(in), - a = 1(in), - b = 2(in), - - out = if(zero?(n), - a, - inner(decr(n), b, add(a,b)) - ) - - }, - - out = inner(in, 0, 1) -} - -// map accepts a sequence and a function, and returns a sequence consisting of -// the result of applying the function to each of the elements in the given -// sequence. -map = { - inner = { - mapped-seq = 0(in), - orig-seq = 1(in), - op = 2(in), - - i = len(mapped-seq), - - // graphs provide an inherent laziness to the language. Just because - // next-el is _defined_ here doesn't mean it's evaluated here at runtime. - // In reality it will only be evaluated if/when evaluating out requires - // evaluating next-el. - next-el = op(i(orig-seq)), - next-mapped-seq = append(mapped-seq, next-el), - - out = if( - eq(len(mapped-seq), len(orig-seq)), - mapped-seq, - inner(next-mapped-seq, orig-seq, op) - ) - } - - // zero-seq returns an empty sequence - out = inner(zero-seq(), 0(in), 1(in)) -} -``` - -## Selpmexa Selpmexa Selpmexa - -Our syntax encodes a graph, and a graph doesn't really care if the syntax was -encoded in an input-to-output vs an output-to-input direction. So, as promised, -here's all the above examples, but "backwards": - -``` -// min returns the lesser of the two numbers it is given -{ - (in)0 = a, - (in)1 = b, - - ( - (a,b)lt, - a, - b - )if = out - -} = min - -// decr outputs one less than the input. -{ (in, -1)add = out } = decr - -// fib accepts a number i, and outputs the ith fibonacci number. -{ - { - (in)0 = n, - (in)1 = a, - (in)2 = b, - - ( - (n)zero? - a, - ((n)decr, b, (a,b)add)inner - )if = out - - } = inner, - - (in, 0, 1)inner = out - -} = fib - -// map accepts a sequence and a function, and returns a sequence consisting of -// the result of applying the function to each of the elements in the given -// sequence. -{ - { - (in)0 = mapped-seq, - (in)1 = orig-seq, - (in)2 = op, - - (mapped-seq)len = i, - - ((orig-seq)i)op = next-el, - (mapped-seq, next-el)append = next-mapped-seq, - - ( - ((mapped-seq)len, (orig-seq)len)eq, - mapped-seq, - (next-mapped-seq, orig-seq, op)inner - )if = out - - } = inner, - - (()zero-seq, (in)0, (in)1)inner = out -} = map -``` - -Do these make you itchy? They kind of make me itchy. But... parts of them also -appeal to me. - -The obvious reason why these feel wrong to me is the placement of `if`: - -``` -( - (a,b)lt, - a, - b -)if = out -``` - -The tuple which is being passed to `if` here is confusing unless you already -know that it's going to be passed to `if`. But on your first readthrough you -won't know that till you get to the end, so you'll be in the dark until then. -For more complex programs I'm sure this problem will compound. - -On the other hand, pretty much everything else looks _better_, imo. For example: - -``` -// copied and slightly modified from the original to make it even more complex - -(mapped-seq, ((orig-seq)i)op)append = next-mapped-seq -``` - -Something like this reads very clearly to me, and requires a lot less mental -backtracking to comprehend. The main difficulty I have is tracking the -parenthesis, but the overall "flow" of data and the order of events is plain to -read. - -## Next Steps - -The syntax here is not done yet, not by a long shot. If my record with past -posts about ginger (wherein I've "decided" on something and then completely -backtracked in later posts every single time) is any indication then this syntax -won't even look remotely familiar in a very short while. But it's a great -starting point, I think, and raises a lot of good questions. - -* Can I make parenthesis chains, a la the last example, more palatable in some - way? - -* Should I go with the "backwards" syntax afterall? In a functional style of - programming `if` statements _should_ be in the minority, and so the syntax - which better represents the flow of data in that style might be the way. - -* Destructuring of tuples seems to be wanted, as evidenced by all the `a = - 0(in)` lines. Should this be reflected in the structure or solely be - syntactical sugar? - -* Should the commas be replaced with any whitespace (and make commas count as - whitespace, as clojure has done)? If this is possible then I think they should - be, but I won't know for sure until I begin implementing the parser. - -And, surely, many more! I've felt a bit lost with ginger for a _long_ time, but -seeing a real, usable syntax emerge has really invigorated me, and I'll be -tackling it again in earnest soon (fingers crossed). diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-09-22-building-appimages-with-nix.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-09-22-building-appimages-with-nix.md deleted file mode 100644 index 612e601..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-09-22-building-appimages-with-nix.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,266 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Building AppImages with Nix -description: >- - With some process trees thrown in there for fun. -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -It's been a bit since I've written an update on the cryptic nebula project, -almost 5 months (since [this post][lastnix], which wasn't officially part of the -blog series but whatever). Since then it's switched names to "cryptic-net", and -that we would likely use [MinIO](https://min.io/) as our network storage -service, but neither of those is the most interesting update. - -The project had been stalled because of a lack of a build system which could -fulfill the following requirements: - -* Network configuration (static IP, VPN certificates) of individual hosts is - baked into the binary they run. - -* Binaries are completely static; no external dependencies need to exist on the - host in order to run them. - -* Each binary runs a composition of multiple sub-services, each being a separate - sub-process, and all of them having been configured to work together (with - some possible glue code on our side) to provide the features we want. - -* The builder itself should be deterministic; no matter where it runs it should - produce the same binary given the same input parameters. - -Lacking such a build system we're not able to distribute cryptic-net in a way -which "just works"; it would require some kind of configuration, or some kind of -runtime environment to be set up, both of which would be a pain for users. And -lacking a definite build system makes it difficult to move forward on any other -aspect of a project, as it's not clear what may need to be redone in the future -when the build system is decided upon. - -## Why not nix-bundle? - -My usage of [nix-bundle][nix-bundle] in a [previous post][lastnix] was an -attempt at fulfilling these requirements. Nix in general does very well in -fulfilling all but the second requirement, and nix-bundle was supposed to -fulfill even that by packaging a nix derivation into a static binary. - -And all of this it did! Except that the mechanism of nix-bundle is a bit odd. -The process of a nix-bundle'd binary jails itself within a chroot, which it then -uses to fake the `/nix/store` path which nix built binaries expect to exist. - -This might work in a lot of cases, but it did not work in ours. For one, [nebula -can't create its network interface when run from inside -nix-bundle's chroot][nix-bundle-issue]. For another, being run in a chroot means -there's going to be strange restrictions on what our binary is able to do and -not. - -## AppImage - -What we really needed was an [AppImage][appimage]. AppImages are static binaries -which can bundle complex applications, even those which don't expect to be -bundled into single binaries. In this way the end result is the same as -nix-bundle, but the mechanism AppImage uses is different and places far fewer -restrictions on what we can and can't do with our program. - -## Building Sub-Services Statically with Nix - -It's probably possible to use nix to generate an AppImage which has the -`/nix/store` built into it, similar to what nix-bundle does, and therefore not -worry about whether the binaries it's bundling are static or not. But if your -services are written in sane languages it's not that difficult to build them -statically and dodge the issue. - -For example, here is how you build a go binary statically: - -``` -{ - buildGoModule, - fetchFromGitHub, -}: - buildGoModule rec { - pname = "nebula"; - version = "1.4.0"; - - src = fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "slackhq"; - repo = pname; - rev = "v${version}"; - sha256 = "lu2/rSB9cFD7VUiK+niuqCX9CI2x+k4Pi+U5yksETSU="; - }; - - vendorSha256 = "p1inJ9+NAb2d81cn+y+ofhxFz9ObUiLgj+9cACa6Jqg="; - - doCheck = false; - - subPackages = [ "cmd/nebula" "cmd/nebula-cert" ]; - - CGO_ENABLED=0; - tags = [ "netgo" ]; - ldflags = [ - "-X main.Build=${version}" - "-w" - "-extldflags=-static" - ]; - }; -``` - -And here's how to statically build a C binary: - -``` -{ - stdenv, - glibcStatic, # e.g. pkgs.glibc.static -}: - stdenv.mkDerivation rec { - pname = "dnsmasq"; - version = "2.85"; - - src = builtins.fetchurl { - url = "https://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/${pname}-${version}.tar.xz"; - sha256 = "sha256-rZjTgD32h+W5OAgPPSXGKP5ByHh1LQP7xhmXh/7jEvo="; - }; - - nativeBuildInputs = [ glibcStatic ]; - - makeFlags = [ - "LDFLAGS=-static" - "DESTDIR=" - "BINDIR=$(out)/bin" - "MANDIR=$(out)/man" - "LOCALEDIR=$(out)/share/locale" - ]; - }; -``` - -The derivations created by either of these expressions can be plugged right into -the `pkgs.buildEnv` used to create the AppDir (see AppDir section below). - -## Process Manager - -An important piece of the puzzle for getting cryptic-net into an AppImage was a -process manager. We need something which can run multiple service processes -simultaneously, restart processes which exit unexpectedly, gracefully handle -shutting down all those processes, and coalesce the logs of all processes into a -single stream. - -There are quite a few process managers out there which could fit the bill, but -finding any which could be statically compiled ended up not being an easy task. -In the end I decided to see how long it would take me to implement such a -program in go, and hope it would be less time than it would take to get -`circus`, a python program, bundled into the AppImage. - -2 hours later, [pmux][pmux] was born! Check it out. It's a go program so -building it looks pretty similar to the nebula builder above, so I won't repeat -it. However I will show the configuration we're using for it within the -AppImage, to show how it ties all the processes together: - -```yaml -processes: - - name: nebula - cmd: bin/nebula - args: - - "-config" - - etc/nebula/nebula.yml - - - name: dnsmasq - cmd: bin/dnsmasq - args: - - "-d" - - "-C" - - ${dnsmasq}/etc/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.conf -``` - -## AppDir -> AppImage - -Generating an AppImage requires an AppDir. An AppDir is a directory which -contains all files required by a program, rooted to the AppDir. For example, if -the program expects a file to be at `/etc/some/conf`, then that file should be -places in the AppDir at `<AppDir-path>/etc/some/conf`. - -[These docs](https://docs.appimage.org/packaging-guide/manual.html#ref-manual) -were very helpful for me in figuring out how to construct the AppDir. I then -used the `pkgs.buildEnv` utility to create an AppDir derivation containing -everything cryptic-net needs to run: - -``` - appDir = pkgs.buildEnv { - name = "cryptic-net-AppDir"; - paths = [ - - # real directory containing non-built files, e.g. the pmux config - ./AppDir - - # static binary derivations shown previously - nebula - dnsmasq - pmux - ]; - }; -``` - -Once the AppDir is built one needs to use `appimagetool` to turn it into an -AppImage. There is an `appimagetool` build in the standard nixpkgs, but -unfortunately it doesn't seem to actually work... - -Luckily nix-bundle is working on AppImage support, and includes a custom build -of `appimagetool` which does work! - -``` -{ - fetchFromGitHub, - callPackage, -}: let - src = fetchFromGitHub { - owner = "matthewbauer"; - repo = "nix-bundle"; - rev = "223f4ffc4179aa318c34dc873a08cb00090db829"; - sha256 = "0pqpx9vnjk9h24h9qlv4la76lh5ykljch6g487b26r1r2s9zg7kh"; - }; -in - callPackage "${src}/appimagetool.nix" {} -``` - -Using `callPackage` on this expression will give you a functional `appimagetool` -derivation. From there's it's a simple matter of writing a derivation which -generates the AppImage from a created AppDir: - -``` -{ - appDir, - appimagetool, -}: - pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation { - name = "cryptic-net-AppImage"; - - src = appDir; - buildInputs = [ appimagetool ]; - ARCH = "x86_64"; # required by appimagetool - - builder = builtins.toFile "build.sh" '' - source $stdenv/setup - cp -rL "$src" buildAppDir - chmod +w buildAppDir -R - mkdir $out - - appimagetool cryptic-net "$out/cryptic-net-bin" - ''; - } -``` - -Running that derivation deterministically spits out a binary at -`result/cryptic-net-bin` which can be executed and run immediately, on any -system using the `x86_46` CPU architecture. - -## Fin - -I'm extremely hyped to now have the ability to generate binaries for cryptic-net -that people can _just run_, without them worrying about which sub-services that -binary is running under-the-hood. From a usability perspective it's way nicer -than having to tell people to "install docker" or "install nix", and from a dev -perspective we have a really solid foundation on which to build a quite complex -application. - -[lastnix]: {% post_url 2021-04-22-composing-processes-into-a-static-binary-with-nix %} -[nix-bundle]: https://github.com/matthewbauer/nix-bundle -[nix-bundle-issue]: https://github.com/matthewbauer/nix-bundle/issues/78 -[appimage]: https://appimage.org/ -[pmux]: https://github.com/cryptic-io/pmux diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-10-31-dog-money.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-10-31-dog-money.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3e69d1e..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-10-31-dog-money.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - DOG! MONEY! -description: >- - A collection of original NFT artworks. -tags: art crypto ---- - -<div style="width: 100%; text-align: center; margin: 5rem 0 5rem 0;"> - <img src="/assets/dog-money.png" alt="DOG MONEY!" /> -</div> - -Officially presenting a collection of original artworks, made by me! This was an -ambitious project I set myself out on this weekend, but I'm really happy to say -that I seem to be completing it on time. - -You can check out the collection's OpenSea page **[HERE][coll]**. - -Each piece is a tesselating image in SVG format. While it's pretty easy to just -churn out different combinations of images like this, I decided to keep the -collection small for... artistic integrity? Lack of time? Artificial scarcity?? -Who knows how these things are decided. - -It was a fun project, to say the least, and even if nothing comes of it -financially it's nice to have an outlet/portfolio for my art (which usually just -sits in a notebook or git repo somewhere.) - -[coll]: https://opensea.io/collection/dog-money-exclamation-point diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-11-08-managing-a-home-server-with-nix.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-11-08-managing-a-home-server-with-nix.md deleted file mode 100644 index 77baf15..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-11-08-managing-a-home-server-with-nix.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,266 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Managing a Home Server With Nix -description: >- - Docker is for boomers. -tags: tech ---- - -My home server has a lot running on it. Some of it I've written about in this -blog previously, some of it I haven't. It's hosting this blog itself, even! - -With all of these services comes management overhead, both in terms of managing -packages and configuration. I'm pretty strict about tracking packages and -configuration in version control, and backing up all state I care about in B2, -such that if, _at any moment_, the server is abducted by aliens, I won't have -lost much. - -## Docker - -Previously I accomplished this with docker. Each service ran in a container -under the docker daemon, with configuration files and state directories shared -in via volume shares. Configuration files could then be stored in a git repo, -and my `docker run` commands were documented in `Makefile`s, because that was -easy. - -This approach had drawbacks, notably: - -* Docker networking is a pain. To be fair I should have just used - `--network=host` and dodged the issue, but I didn't. - -* Docker images aren't actually deterministically built, so if I were to ever - have to rebuild any of the images I was using it I couldn't be sure I'd end up - with the same code as before. For some services this is actually a nagging - security concern in the back of my head. - -* File permissions with docker volumes are fucked. - -* Who knows how long the current version of docker will support the old ass - images and configuration system I'm using now. Probably not the next 10 years. - And what if dockerhub goes away, or changes its pricing model? - -* As previously noted, docker is for boomers. - -## Nix - -Nix is the new hotness, and it solves all of the above problems quite nicely. -I'm not going to get into too much detail about how nix works here (honestly I'm -not very good at explaining it), but suffice to say I'm switching everything -over, and this post is about how that actually looks in a practical sense. - -For the most part I eschew things like [flakes][flakes], -[home-manager][home-manager], and any other frameworks built on nix. While the -framework of the day may come and go, the base nix language should remain -constant. - -As before with docker, I have a single git repo being stored privately in a way -I'm confident is secure (which is necessary because it contains some secrets). - -At the root of the repo there exists a `pkgs.nix` file, which looks like this: - -``` -{ - src ? builtins.fetchTarball { - name = "nixpkgs-d50923ab2d308a1ddb21594ba6ae064cab65d8ae"; - url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/d50923ab2d308a1ddb21594ba6ae064cab65d8ae.tar.gz"; - sha256 = "1k7xpymhzb4hilv6a1jp2lsxgc4yiqclh944m8sxyhriv9p2yhpv"; - }, -}: (import src) {} -``` - -This file exists to provide a pinned version of `nixpkgs` which will get used -for all services. As long as I don't change this file the tools available to me -for building my services will remain constant forever, no matter what else -happens in the nix ecosystem. - -Each directory in the repo corresponds to a service I run. I'll focus on a -particular service, [navidrome][navidrome], for now: - -```bash -:: ls -1 navidrome -Makefile -default.nix -navidrome.toml -``` - -Not much to it! - -### default.nix - -The first file to look at is the `default.nix`, as that contains -all the logic. The overall file looks like this: - -``` -let - - pkgs = (import ../pkgs.nix) {}; - -in rec { - - entrypoint = ...; - - service = ...; - - install = ...; - -} -``` - -The file describes an attribute set with three attributes, `entrypoint`, -`service`, and `install`. These form the basic pattern I use for all my -services; pretty much every service I manage has a `default.nix` which has -attributes corresponding to these. - -#### Entrypoint - -The first `entrypoint`, looks like this: - -``` - entrypoint = pkgs.writeScript "mediocregopher-navidrome" '' - #!${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash - exec ${pkgs.navidrome}/bin/navidrome --configfile ${./navidrome.toml} - ''; -``` - -The goal here is to provide an executable which can be run directly, and which -will put together all necessary environment and configuration (`navidrome.toml`, -in this case) needed to run the service. Having the entrypoint split out into -its own target, as opposed to inlining it into the service file (defined next), -is convenient for testing; it allows you test _exactly_ what's going to happen -when running the service normally. - -#### Service - -`service` looks like this: - -``` - service = pkgs.writeText "mediocregopher-navidrome-service" '' - [Unit] - Description=mediocregopher navidrome - Requires=network.target - After=network.target - - [Service] - Restart=always - RestartSec=1s - User=mediocregopher - Group=mediocregopher - LimitNOFILE=10000 - - # The important part! - ExecStart=${entrypoint} - - # EXTRA DIRECTIVES ELIDED, SEE - # https://www.navidrome.org/docs/installation/pre-built-binaries/ - - [Install] - WantedBy=multi-user.target - ''; -``` - -It's function is to produce a systemd service file. The service file will -reference the `entrypoint` which has already been defined, and in general does -nothing else. - -#### Install - -`install` looks like this: - -``` - install = pkgs.writeScript "mediocregopher-navidrome-install" '' - #!${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash - sudo cp ${service} /etc/systemd/system/mediocregopher-navidrome.service - sudo systemctl daemon-reload - sudo systemctl enable mediocregopher-navidrome - sudo systemctl restart mediocregopher-navidrome - ''; -``` - -This attribute produces a script which will install a systemd service on the -system it's run on. Assuming this is done in the context of a functional nix -environment and standard systemd installation it will "just work"; all relevant -binaries, configuration, etc, will all come along for the ride, and the service -will be running _exactly_ what's defined in my repo, everytime. Eat your heart -out, ansible! - -Nix is usually used for building things, not _doing_ things, so it may seem -unusual for this to be here. But there's a very good reason for it, which I'll -get to soon. - -### Makefile - -While `default.nix` _could_ exist alone, and I _could_ just interact with it -directly using `nix-build` commands, I don't like to do that. Most of the reason -is that I don't want to have to _remember_ the `nix-build` commands I need. So -in each directory there's a `Makefile`, which acts as a kind of index of useful -commands. The one for navidrome looks like this: - -``` -install: - $$(nix-build -A install --no-out-link) -``` - -Yup, that's it. It builds the `install` attribute, and runs the resulting script -inline. Easy peasy. Other services might have some other targets, like `init`, -which operate the same way but with different script targets. - -## Nix Remotely - -If you were waiting for me to explain _why_ the install target is in -`default.nix`, rather than just being in the `Makefile` (which would also make -sense), this is the part where I do that. - -My home server isn't the only place where I host services, I also have a remote -host which runs some services. These services are defined in this same repo, in -essentially the same way as my local services. The only difference is in the -`Makefile`. Let's look at an example from my `maddy/Makefile`: - -``` -install-vultr: - nix-build -A install --arg paramsFile ./vultr.nix - nix-copy-closure -s ${VULTR} $$(readlink result) - ssh -tt -q ${VULTR} $$(readlink result) -``` - -Vultr is the hosting company I'm renting the server from. Apparently I think I -will only ever have one host with them, because I just call it "vultr". - -I'll go through this one line at a time. The first line is essentially the same -as the `install` line from my `navidrome` configuration, but with two small -differences: it takes in a parameters file containing the configuration -specific to the vultr host, and it's only _building_ the install script, not -running it. - -The second line is the cool part. My remote host has a working nix environment -already, so I can just use `nix-copy-closure` to copy the `install` script to -it. Since the `install` script references the service file, which in turn -references the `entrypoint`, which in turn references the service binary itself, -and all of its configuration, _all_ of it will get synced to the remote host as -part of the `nix-copy-closure` command. - -The third line runs the install script remotely. Since `nix-copy-closure` -already copied over all possible dependencies of the service, the end result is -a systemd service running _exactly_ as it would have if I were running it -locally. - -All of this said, it's clear that provisioning this remote host in the first -place was pretty simple: - -* Add my ssh key (done automatically by Vultr). -* Add my user to sudoers (done automatically by Vultr). -* Install single-user nix (two bash commands from - [here](https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Nix_Installation_Guide#Stable_Nix)). - -And that's literally it. No docker, no terraform, no kubernubernetes, no yaml -files... it all "just works". Will it ever require manual intervention? Yeah, -probably... I haven't defined uninstall or stop targets, for instance (though -that would be trivial to do). But overall, for a use-case like mine where I -don't need a lot, I'm quite happy. - -That's pretty much the post. Hosting services at home isn't very difficult to -begin with, and with this pattern those of us who use nix can do so with greater -reliability and confidence going forward. - -[flakes]: https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Flakes -[home-manager]: https://github.com/nix-community/home-manager -[navidrome]: https://github.com/navidrome/navidrome diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-12-01-minting-a-single-nft.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-12-01-minting-a-single-nft.md deleted file mode 100644 index 20f6ff3..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-12-01-minting-a-single-nft.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Minting A Single NFT -description: >- - Harder than I'd thought it'd be. -tags: tech art crypto ---- - -In a [previous post][prev] I made a page to sell some NFTs I had designed. I say -"designed", not "made", because the NFTs don't actually exist yet. - -On [OpenSea](https://opensea.io), where those NFTs are listed, the NFT isn't -actually "minted" (created) until first sale. This is primarily done to save the -artist the cost of minting an NFT which no one else is going to buy. There might -be a way to mint outside of a sale on OpenSea, but I haven't dug too much into -it because it doesn't matter. - -It doesn't matter because a primary goal here is to not go broke. And OpenSea is -primarily on Ethereum, a blockchain that can't actually be used by normal people -because of the crazy fees. There are some L2s for it, but I don't have any set -up, and keeping an NFT in an L2 feels like borrowed time. - -So, as an initial test, I've printed an NFT on Solana, using -[Holaplex][hola]. Solana because it's cheap and fast and -wonderful, and Holaplex because... a lot of reasons. - -The main one is that other projects, like [SolSea](https://solsea.io/) and -[AlphaArt](https://www.alpha.art/), require a sign-up just to print NFTs. And -not a crypto signup, where you just connect a wallet. But like a real one, with -an email. [Solanart](https://solanart.io/) requires you to contact them -privately through discord to mint on them! - -Why? NFTs are a weird market. A lot of these platforms appear to the -~~customer~~ user more like casino games than anything, where the object is to -find the shiny thing which is going to get popular for one whimsical reason or -another. The artists get paid, the platform takes a cut, and whoever minted the -NFT prays. - -For reasons involving the word "rug", the artist, the one who is attaching their -work to an NFT, is not necessarily to be trusted. So there's a lot of mechanisms -within the Solana NFT world to build trust between the audience and the artist. -Things like chain-enforced fair auctions (open to everyone at the same time) and -gatekeeping measures are examples. - -Which is all well and good, but I still couldn't mint an NFT. - -## Metaplex - -So I tried another tact: self-hosting. It's like, my favorite thing? I talk -about it a lot. - -I attempted to get [Metaplex][meta] set up locally. Metaplex is an organization, -associated with Solana Labs in some way I think, that's helped develop the NFT -standard on Solana. And they also develop an open-source toolkit for hosting -your own NFT store, complete with NFT minting with no fees or other road blocks. -Sounds perfect! - -Except that I'm not a capable enough javascript developer to get it running. I -got as far as the running the Next server and loading the app in my browser, but -a second into running it spits out some error in the console and nothing works -after that. I've spent too much time on it already, I won't go into it more. - -So metaplex, for now, is out. - -## Holaplex - -Until I, somehow, (how actually though...?), found [Holaplex][hola]. It's -a very thinly skinned hosted Metaplex, with a really smooth signup process which -doesn't involve any emails. Each user gets a storefront under their own -subdomain of whatever NFTs they want, and that's it. It's like geocities for -NFTs; pretty much the next best thing to self-hosted. - -But to mint an NFT you don't even need to do that, you just hit the "Mint NFTs" -button. So I did that, I uploaded an image, I paid the hosting fee ($2), and -that was it! - -You can view my first NFT [here][ghost]! It's not for sale. - -I'm hoping that one day I can get back to Metaplex and get it working, I'd much -prefer to have my store hosted myself. But at least this NFT exists now, and I -have a mechanism to make other ones for other people. - -[prev]: {% post_url 2021-10-31-dog-money %} -[meta]: https://www.metaplex.com/ -[hola]: https://holaplex.com/ -[ghost]: https://solscan.io/token/HsFpMvY9j5uy68CSDxRvb5aeoj4L3D4vsAkHsFqKvDYb diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2021-12-31-ginger-its-alive.md b/static/src/_posts/2021-12-31-ginger-its-alive.md deleted file mode 100644 index efd6bd0..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2021-12-31-ginger-its-alive.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,422 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ginger: It's Alive! -description: >- - The new best language for computing fibonacci numbers. -series: ginger -tags: tech ---- - -As a kind of Christmas present to myself I took a whole week off of work -specifically to dedicate myself to working on ginger. - -My concrete goal was to be able to run a ginger program to compute any Nth -fibonacci number, a goal I chose because it would require the implementation of -conditionals, some kind of looping or recursion, and basic addition/subtraction. -In other words, it would require all the elements which comprise a Turing -complete language. - -And you know what? I actually succeeded! - -The implementation can be found [here][impl]. At this point ginger is an -interpreted language running in a golang-based VM. The dream is for it to be -self-hosted on LLVM (and other platforms after), but as an intermediate step to -that I decided on sticking to what I know (golang) rather than having to learn -two things at once. - -In this post I'm going to describe the components of this VM at a high level, -show a quick demo of it working, and finally talk about the roadmap going -forward. - -[impl]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/tree/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2 - -## Graph - -The core package of the whole project is the [`graph`][graph] package. This -package implements a generic directed graph datastructure. - -The generic part is worth noting; I was able to take advantage of go's new -generics which are currently [in beta][go118]. I'd read quite a bit on how the -generic system would work even before the beta was announced, so I was able to -hit the ground running and start using them without much issue. - -Ginger's unique graph datastructure has been discussed in previous posts in this -series quite a bit, and this latest implementation doesn't deviate much at a -high level. Below are the most up-to-date core datatypes and functions which are -used to construct ginger graphs: - -```go - -// Value is any value which can be stored within a Graph. Values should be -// considered immutable, ie once used with the graph package their internal -// value does not change. -type Value interface { - Equal(Value) bool - String() string -} - -// OpenEdge consists of the edge value (E) and source vertex value (V) of an -// edge in a Graph. When passed into the AddValueIn method a full edge is -// created. An OpenEdge can also be sourced from a tuple vertex, whose value is -// an ordered set of OpenEdges of this same type. -type OpenEdge[E, V Value] struct { ... } - -// ValueOut creates a OpenEdge which, when used to construct a Graph, represents -// an edge (with edgeVal attached to it) coming from the vertex containing val. -func ValueOut[E, V Value](edgeVal E, val V) *OpenEdge[E, V] - -// TupleOut creates an OpenEdge which, when used to construct a Graph, -// represents an edge (with edgeVal attached to it) coming from the vertex -// comprised of the given ordered-set of input edges. -func TupleOut[E, V Value](edgeVal E, ins ...*OpenEdge[E, V]) *OpenEdge[E, V] - -// Graph is an immutable container of a set of vertices. The Graph keeps track -// of all Values which terminate an OpenEdge. E indicates the type of edge -// values, while V indicates the type of vertex values. -type Graph[E, V Value] struct { ... } - -// AddValueIn takes a OpenEdge and connects it to the Value vertex containing -// val, returning the new Graph which reflects that connection. -func (*Graph[E, V]) AddValueIn(val V, oe *OpenEdge[E, V]) *Graph[E, V] - -// ValueIns returns, if any, all OpenEdges which lead to the given Value in the -// Graph (ie, all those added via AddValueIn). -func (*Graph[E, V]) ValueIns(val Value) []*OpenEdge[E, V] - -``` - -The current `Graph` implementation is _incredibly_ inefficient, it does a lot of -copying, looping, and equality checks which could be optimized out one day. -That's going to be a recurring theme of this post, as I had to perform a -balancing act between actually reaching my goal for the week while not incurring -too much tech debt for myself. - -[graph]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/graph/graph.go -[go118]: https://go.dev/blog/go1.18beta1 - -### MapReduce - -There's a final operation I implemented as part of the `graph` package: -[MapReduce][mapreduce]. It's a difficult operation to describe, but I'm going to -do my best in this section for those who are interested. If you don't understand -it, or don't care, just know that `MapReduce` is a generic tool for transforming -graphs. - -For a description of `MapReduce` we need to present an example graph: - -``` - +<--b--- - + \ -X <--a--+<--c----+<--f-- A - + / - + +<---g--- - +<--d--+ - +<---h--- - \ -Y <---------e----------- B -``` - -Plus signs indicate tuples, and lowercase letters are edge values while upper -case letters are vertex values. The pseudo-code to construct this graph in go -might look like: - -```go - g := new(Graph) - - fA := ValueOut("f", "A") - - g = g.AddValueIn( - "X", - TupleOut( - "a", - TupleOut("b", fA), - TupleOut("c", fA), - TupleOut( - "d", - ValueOut("g", "A"), - ValueOut("h", "B"), - ), - ), - ) - - g = g.AddValueIn("e", "B") -``` - -As can be seen in the [code][mapreduce], `MapReduce`'s first argument is an -`OpenEdge`, _not_ a `Graph`. Fundamentally `MapReduce` is a reduction of the -_dependencies_ of a particular value into a new value; to reduce the -dependencies of multiple values at the same time would be equivalent to looping -over those values and calling `MapReduce` on each individually. Having -`MapReduce` only deal with one edge at a time is more flexible. - -So let's focus on a particular `OpenEdge`, the one leading into `X` (returned by -`TupleOut("a", etc...)`. `MapReduce` is going to descend into this `OpenEdge` -recursively, in order to first find all value vertices (ie the leaf vertices, -those without any children of their own). - -At this point `MapReduce` will use its second argument, the `mapVal` function, -which accepts a value of one type and returns a value of another type. This -function is called on each value from every value vertex encountered. In this -case both `A` and `B` are connectable from `X`, so `mapVal` will be called on -each _only once_. This is the case even though `A` is connected to multiple -times (once with an edge value of `f`, another with an edge value of `b`). -`mapVal` only gets called once per vertex, not per connection. - -With all values mapped, `MapReduce` will begin reducing. For each edge leaving -each value vertex, the `reduceEdge` function is called. `reduceEdge` accepts as -arguments the edge value of the edge and the _mapped value_ (not the original -value) of the vertex, and returns a new value of the same type that `mapVal` -returned. Like `mapVal`, `reduceEdge` will only be called once per edge. In our -example, `<--f--A` is used twice (`b` and `c`), but `reduceEdge` will only be -called on it once. - -With each value vertex edge having been reduced, `reduceEdge` is called again on -each edge leaving _those_ edges, which must be tuple edges. An array of the -values returned from the previous `reduceEdge` calls for each of the tuples' -input edges is used as the value argument in the next call. This is done until -the `OpenEdge` is fully reduced into a single value. - -To flesh out our example, let's imagine a `mapVal` which returns the input -string repeated twice, and a `reduceEdge` which returns the input values joined -with the edge value, and then wrapped with the edge value (eg `reduceEdge(a, [B, -C]) -> aBaCa`). - -Calling `MapReduce` on the edge leading into `X` will then give us the following -calls: - -``` -# Map the value vertices - -mapVal(A) -> AA -mapVal(B) -> BB - -# Reduce the value vertex edges - -reduceEdge(f, [AA]) -> fAAf -reduceEdge(g, [AA]) -> gAAg -reduceEdge(h, [BB]) -> hBBh - -# Reduce tuple vertex edges - -reduceEdge(b, [fAAf]) -> bfAAfb -reduceEdge(c, [fAAf]) -> cfAAfc -reduceEdge(d, [gAAg, hBBh]) -> dgAAgdhBBhd - -reduceEdge(a, [bfAAfb, cfAAfc, dgAAgdhBBhd]) -> abfAAfbacfAAfcadgAAgdhBBhda -``` - -Beautiful, exactly what we wanted. - -`MapReduce` will prove extremely useful when it comes time for the VM to execute -the graph. It enables the VM to evaluate only the values which are needed to -produce an output, and to only evaluate each value once no matter how many times -it's used. `MapReduce` also takes care of the recursive traversal of the -`Graph`, which simplifies the VM code significantly. - -[mapreduce]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/graph/graph.go#L338 - -## gg - -With a generic graph implementation out of the way, it was then required to -define a specific implementation which could be parsed from a file and later -used for execution in the VM. - -The file extension used for ginger code is `.gg`, as in "ginger graph" (of -course). The package name for decoding this file format is, therefore, also -called `gg`. - -The core datatype for the `gg` package is the [`Value`][ggvalue], since the -`graph` package takes care of essentially everything else in the realm of graph -construction and manipulation. The type definition is: - -```go -// Value represents a value which can be serialized by the gg text format. -type Value struct { - - // Only one of these fields may be set - Name *string - Number *int64 - Graph *Graph - - // Optional fields indicating the token which was used to construct this - // Value, if any. - LexerToken *LexerToken -} - -type Graph = graph.Graph[Value, Value] // type alias for convenience -``` - -Note that it's currently only possible to describe three different types in a -`gg` file, and one of them is the `Graph`! These are the only ones needed to -implement a fibonacci function, so they're all I implemented. - -The lexing/parsing of `gg` files is not super interesting, you can check out the -package code for more details. The only other thing worth noting is that, for -now, all statements are required to end with a `;`. I had originally wanted to -be less strict with this, and allow newlines and other tokens to indicate the -end of statements, but it was complicating the code and I wanted to move on. - -Another small thing worth noting is that I decided to make each entire `.gg` -file implicitly define a graph. So you can imagine each file's contents wrapped -in curly braces. - -With the `gg` package out of the way I was able to finally parse ginger -programs! The following is the actual, real-life implementation of the fibonacci -function (though at this point it didn't actually work, because the VM was still -not implemented: - -``` -out = { - - decr = { out = add < (in; -1;); }; - - n = tupEl < (in; 0;); - a = tupEl < (in; 1;); - b = tupEl < (in; 2;); - - out = if < ( - isZero < n; - a; - recur < ( - decr < n; - b; - add < (a;b;); - ); - ); - -} < (in; 0; 1;); -``` - -[ggvalue]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/gg/gg.go#L14 - -## VM - -Finally, the meat of all this. If the `graph` and `gg` packages are the sturdy, -well constructed foundations of a tall building, then the `vm` package is the -extremely long, flimsy stick someone propped up vertically so they could say -they built a structure of impressive height. - -In other words, it's very likely that the current iteration of the VM will not -be long for this world, and so I won't waste time describing it in super detail. - -What I will say about it is that within the `vm` package I've defined a [new -`Value` type][vmvalue], which extends the one defined in `gg`. The necessity of -this was that there are types which cannot be represented syntactically in a -`.gg` file, but which _can_ be used as values within a program being run. - -The first of these is the `Operation`, which is essentially a first-class -function. The VM will automatically interpret a graph as an `Operation` when it -is used as an edge value, as has been discussed in previous posts, but there are -also built-in operations (like `if` and `recur`) which cannot be represented as -datastructures, and so it was necessary to introduce a new in-memory type to -properly represent operations. - -The second is the `Tuple` type. This may seem strange, as ginger graphs already -have a concept of a tuple. But the ginger graph tuple is a _vertex type_, not a -value type. The distinction is small, but important. Essentially the graph tuple -is a structural element which describes how to create a tuple value, but it is -not yet that value. So we need a new Value type to hold the tuple once it _has_ -been created during runtime. - -Another thing worth describing about the `vm` package, even though I think they -might change drastically, are [`Thunk`s][thunk]: - -```go -// Thunk is returned from the performance of an Operation. When called it will -// return the result of that Operation having been called with the particular -// arguments which were passed in. -type Thunk func() (Value, error) -``` - -The term "thunk" is borrowed from Haskell, which I don't actually know so I'm -probably using it wrong, but anyway... - -A thunk is essentially a value which has yet to be evaluated; the VM knows -exactly _how_ to evaluate it, but it hasn't done so yet. The primary reason for -their existence within ginger is to account for conditionals, ie the `if` -operation. The VM can't evaluate each of an `if`'s arguments all at once, it -must only evaluate the first argument (to obtain a boolean), and then based on -that evaluate the second or third argument. - -This is where `graph.MapReduce` comes in. The VM uses `graph.MapReduce` to -reduce each edge in a graph to a `Thunk`, where the `Thunk`'s value is based on -the operation (the edge's value) and the inputs to the edge (which will -themselves be `Thunk`s). Because each `Thunk` represents a potential value, not -an actual one, the VM is able to completely parse the program to be executed -(using `graph.MapReduce`) while allowing conditionals to still work correctly. - -[EvaluateEdge][evaledge] is where all that happens, if you're interested, but be -warned that the code is a hot mess right now and it's probably not worth -spending a ton of time understanding it as it will change a lot. - -A final thing I'll mention is that the `recur` operation is, I think, broken. Or -probably more accurately, the entire VM is broken in a way which prevents -`recur` from working correctly. It _does_ produce the correct output, so I -haven't prioritized debugging it, but for any large number of iterations it -takes a very long time to run. - -[vmvalue]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/vm/vm.go#L18 -[thunk]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/vm/op.go#L11 -[evaledge]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/vm/scope.go#L29 - -## Demo - -Finally, to show it off! I put together a super stupid `eval` binary which takes -two arguments: a graph to be used as an operation, and a value to be used as an -argument to that operation. It doesn't even read the code from a file, you have -to `cat` it in. - -The [README][readme] documents how to run the demo, so if you'd like to do so -then please clone the repo and give it a shot! It should look like this when you -do: - -``` -# go run ./cmd/eval/main.go "$(cat examples/fib.gg)" 8 -21 -``` - -You can put any number you like instead of `8`, but as mentioned, `recur` is -broken so it can take a while for larger numbers. - -[readme]: https://github.com/mediocregopher/ginger/blob/ebf57591a8ac08da8a312855fc3a6d9c1ee6dcb2/README.md - -## Next Steps - -The following are all the things I'd like to address the next time I work on -ginger: - -* `gg` - - * Allow for newlines (and `)` and `}`) to terminate statements, not just - `;`. - - * Allow names to have punctuation characters in them (maybe?). - - * Don't read all tokens into memory prior to parsing. - -* `vm` - - * Fix `recur`. - - * Implement tail call optimization. - -* General - - * A bit of polish on the `eval` tool. - - * Expose graph creation, traversal, and transformation functions as - builtins. - - * Create plan (if not actually implement it yet) for how code will be - imported from one file to another. Namespacing in general will fall into - this bucket. - - * Create plan (if not actually implement it yet) for how users can - extend/replace the lexer/parser. - -I don't know _when_ I'll get to work on these next, ginger will come back up in -my rotation of projects eventually. It could be a few months. In the meantime I -hope you're as excited about this progress as I am, and if you have any feedback -I'd love to hear it. - -Thanks for reading! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-01-dav-is-all-you-need.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-01-01-dav-is-all-you-need.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3f79d6c..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-01-dav-is-all-you-need.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,155 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - DAV is All You Need -description: >- - Contacts, calendars, passwords, oh my! -tags: tech ---- - -For some time now I've been trying to find an alternative solution to Google -Keep for shared note taking. The motivation for this change was two-fold: - -* Google sucks, and I'm trying to get their products out of my life in favor of - self-hosted options. - -* Google Keep _really_ sucks. Seriously, it can barely load on my Chromebook - because of whatever bloated ass web framework they're using for it. It's just - a note taking app! - -So this weekend I buckled down and actually made the switch. The first step was -to find something to switch _to_, however, which ended up being not trivial. -There's a million different options in this space, but surprisingly few which -could fulfill the exact niche we need in our household: - -* Fully open-source and open protocol. If it's not open it's not worth the - bother of switching, cause we'll just have to do it all again once whatever - product we switch to gets acqui-hired by a food delivery app. - -* Self-hosted using a _simple_ server-side component. I'm talking something that - listens on a public port and saves data to a file on disk, and _that's it_. - No database processes, no message queues, no bullshit. We're not serving a - million users here, there's no reason to broaden the attack surface - unnecessarily. - -* Multi-platform support, including mobile. Our primary use-case here is our - grocery list, which needs to be accessible by everyone everywhere. - -I've already got a Nextcloud instance running at home, and there is certainly a -notes extension for it, so that could have been an option here. But Nextcloud -very much does not fall into the second point above: it's not simple. It's a -giant PHP app that uses Postgres as a backend, has its own authentication and -session system, and has a plugin system. Frankly, it was easily the biggest -security hole on the entire server, and I wasn't eager to add usage to it. - -Happily, I found another solution. - -## WebDAV - -There's a project called [Joplin](https://joplinapp.org/) which implements a -markdown-based notes system with clients for Android, iPhone, Linux, Mac, and -Windows. Somewhat interestingly there is _not_ a web client for it, but on -further reflection I don't think that's a big deal... no bloated javascript -frameworks to worry about at least. - -In addition to their own cloud backend, Joplin supports a number of others, with -the most interesting being WebDAV. WebDAV is an XML-based extension to HTTP -which allows for basic write operations on the server-side, and which uses -HTTP's basic auth for authentication. You can interact with it using curl if you -like, it really can't get simpler. - -[Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) is the server I use to handle all incoming -HTTP requests to my server, and luckily there's a semi-official -[WebDAV](https://github.com/mholt/caddy-webdav) plugin which adds WebDAV -support. With that compiled in, the `Caddyfile` configuration is nothing more -than: - -``` -hostname.com { - - route { - - basicauth { - sharedUser sharedPassword - } - - - webdav { - root /data/webdav - } - - } - -} -``` - -With that in place, any Joplin client can be pointed at `hostname.com` using the -shared username/assword, and all data is stored directly to `/data/webdav` by -Caddy. Easy-peasy. - -## CardDAV/CalDAV - -Where WebDAV is an extension of HTTP to allow for remotely modifying files -genearlly, CardDAV and CalDAV are extensions of WebDAV for managing remote -stores of contacts and calendar events, respectively. At least, that's my -understanding. - -Nextcloud has its own Web/Card/CalDAV service, and that's what I had been, up -till this point, using for syncing my contacts and calendar from my phone. But -now that I was setting up a separate WebDAV endpoint, I figured it'd be worth -setting up a separate Card/CalDAV service and get that much closer to getting -off Nextcloud entirely. - -There is, as far as I know, no Card or CalDAV extension for Caddy, so I'd still -need a new service running. I came across -[radicale](https://radicale.org/v3.html), which fits the bill nicely. It's a -simple CalDAV and CardDAV server which saves directly to disk, much like the -Caddy WebDAV plugin. With that running, I needed only to add the following to my -`Caddyfile`, above the `webdav` directive: - -``` -handle /radicale/* { - - uri strip_prefix /radicale - - reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:5454 { - header_up X-Script-Name /radicale - } - -} -``` - -Now I could point the [DAVx5](https://www.davx5.com/) app on my phone to -`hostname.com/radicale` and boom, contact and calendar syncing was within reach. -I _did_ have a lot of problems getting DAVx5 working properly, but those were -more to do with Android than self-hosting, and I eventually worked through them. - -## Passwords - -At this point I considered that the only thing I was still really using -Nextcloud for was password management, a la Lastpass or 1Password. I have a lot -of gripes with Nextcloud's password manager, in addition to my aforementioned -grips with Nextcloud generally, so I thought it was worth seeing if some DAV or -another could be the final nail in Nextcloud's coffin. - -A bit of searching around led me to [Tusk](https://subdavis.com/Tusk/), a chrome -extension which allows the chrome browser to fetch a -[KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/) database from a WebDAV server, decode it, -and autofill it into a website. Basically perfect. I had only to export my -passwords from Nextcloud as a CSV, import them into a fresh KDBX file using the -KeePassXC GUI, place the file in my WebDAV folder, and point Tusk at that. - -I found the whole experience of using Tusk to be extremely pleasant. Everything -is very well labeled and described, and there's appropriate warnings and such in -places where someone might commit a security crime (e.g. using the same password -for WebDAV and their KDBX file). - -My one gripe is that it seems to be very slow to unlock the file in practice. I -don't _think_ this has to do with my server, as Joplin is quite responsive, so -it could instead have to do with my KDBX file's decryption difficulty setting. -Perhaps Tusk is doing the decryption in userspace javascript... I'll have to -play with it some. - -But it's a small price to be able to turn off Nextcloud completely, which I have -now done. I can sleep easier at night now, knowing there's not some PHP -equivalent to Log4j which is going to bite me in the ass one day while I'm on -vacation. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-21-ginger-names.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-01-21-ginger-names.md deleted file mode 100644 index 81d90e5..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-21-ginger-names.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,173 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ginger Names -description: >- - Thoughts about a fundamental data type. -tags: tech -series: ginger ---- - -The ginger language has, so far, 2 core types implemented: numbers and names. -Obviously there will be more coming later, but at this stage of development -these are all that's really needed. Numbers are pretty self explanatory, but -it's worth talking about names a bit. - -As they are currently defined, a name's only property is that it can either be -equal or not equal to another name. Syntactically they are encoded as being any -alphanumeric token starting with an alphabetic character. We might _think_ of -them as being strings, but names lack nearly all capabilities that strings have: -they cannot be iterated over, they cannot be concatenated, they cannot be split. -Names can only be compared for equality. - -## Utility - -The use-case for names is self-explanatory: they are words which identify -something from amongst a group. - -Consider your own name. It _might_ have an ostensible meaning. Mine, Brian, -means "high" (as in... like a hill, which is the possible root word). But when -people yell "Brian" across the room I'm in, they don't mean a hill. They mean -me, because that word is used to identify me from amongst others. The etymology -is essentially background information which doesn't matter. - -We use names all the time in programming, though we don't always call them that. -Variable names, package names, type names, function names, struct field names. -There's also keys which get used in hash maps, which are essentially names, as -well as enumerations. By defining name as a core type we can cover a lot of -ground. - -## Precedence - -This is not the first time a name has been used as a core type. Ruby has -symbols, which look like `:this`. Clojure has keywords, which also look like -`:this`, and it has symbols, which look like `this`. Erlang has atoms, which -don't have a prefix and so look like `this`. I can't imagine these are the only -examples. They are all called different things, but they're all essentially the -same thing: a runtime value which can only be compared for equality. - -I can't speak much about ruby, but I _can_ speak about clojure and erlang. - -Clojure is a LISP language, meaning the language itself is described using the -data types and structures built into the language. Ginger is also a LISP, though -it uses graphs instead of lists. - -Clojure keywords are generally used as keys to hash maps, sentinel values, and -enumerations. Besides keywords, clojure also makes use of symbols, which are -used for variable and library names. There seems to be some kind of split -ability on symbols, as they are expected to be separated on their periods when -importing, as in `clojure.java.io`. There's also a quoting mechanism in clojure, -where prefixing a symbol, or other value, with a single quote, like `'this`, -prevents it from being evaluated as a variable or function call. - -It's also possible to have something get quoted multiple layers deep, like -`'''this`. This can get confusing. - -Erlang is not a LISP language, but it does have atoms. These values are used in -the same way that clojure keywords are used. There is no need for a -corresponding symbol type like clojure has, since erlang is not a LISP and has -no real macro system. Atoms are sort of used like symbols, in that functions and -packages are identified by an atom, and so one can "call" an atom, like -`this()`, in order to evaluate it. - -## Just Names - -I don't really see the need for clojure's separation between keywords and -symbols. Symbols still need to be quoted in order to prevent evaluation either -way, so you end up with three different entities to juggle (keywords, symbols, -and symbols which won't be evaluated). Erlang's solution is simpler, atoms are -just atoms, and since evaluation is explicit there's no need for quoting. Ginger -names are like erlang atoms in that they are the only tool at hand. - -The approaches of erlang vs clojure could be reframed as explicit vs implicit -evaluation of operations calls. - -In ginger evaluation is currently done implicitly, but in only two cases: - -* A value on an edge is evaluated to the first value which is a graph (which - then gets interpreted as an operation). - -* A leaf vertex with a name value is evaluated to the first value which is not a - name. - -In all other cases, the value is left as-is. A graph does not need to be quoted, -since the need to evaluate a graph as an operation is already based on its -placement as an edge or not. So the only case left where quoting is needed (if -implicit evaluation continues to be used) is a name on a leaf vertex, as in the -example before. - -As an example to explore explicit vs implicit quoting in ginger, if we want to -programatically call the `AddValueIn` method on a graph, which terminates an -open edge into a value, and that value is a name, it might look like this with -implicit evaluation (the clojure-like example): - -``` -out = addValueIn < (g (quote < someName;) someValue; ); - -* or, to borrow the clojure syntax, where single quote is a shortcut: - -out = addValueIn < (g; 'someName; someValue; ); -``` - -In an explicit evaluation language, which ginger so far has not been and so this -will look weird, we might end up with something like this: - -``` -out = addValueIn < (eval < g; someName; eval < someValue; ); - -* with $ as sugar for the `eval`, like ' is a shortcut for `quote` in clojure:` - -out = addValueIn < ($g; someName; $someValue; ); -``` - -I don't _like_ either pattern, and since it's such a specific case I feel like -something less obtrusive could come up. So no decisions here yet. - -## Uniqueness - -There's another idea I haven't really gotten to the bottom of yet. The idea is -that a name, _maybe_, shouldn't be considered equal to the same name unless they -belong to the same graph. - -For example: - -``` -otherFoo = { out = 'foo } < (); - -out = equal < ('foo; otherFoo; ); -``` - -This would output false. `otherFoo`'s value is the name `foo`, and the value -it's being compared to is also a name `foo`, but they are from different graphs -and so are not equal. In essence, names are automatically namespaces. - -This idea only really makes sense in the context of packages, where a user -(a developer) wants to import functionality from somewhere else and use it -in their program. The code package which is imported will likely use name -values internally to implement its functionality, but it shouldn't need to worry -about naming conflicts with values passed in by the user. While it's possible to -avoid conflicts if a package is designed conscientiously, it's also easy to mess -up if one isn't careful. This becomes especially true when combining -functionality of packages with overlapping functionality, where the data -returned from one might looks _similar_ to that used by the other, but it's not -necessarily true. - -On the other hand, this could create some real headaches for the developer, as -they chase down errors which are caused because one `foo` isn't actually the -same as another `foo`. - -What it really comes down to is the mechanism which packages use to function as -packages. Forced namespaces will require packages to export all names which they -expect the user to need to work with the package. So the ergonomics of that -exporting, both on the user's and package's side, are really important in order -to make this bearable. - -So it's hard to make any progress on determining if this idea is gonna work -until the details of packaging are worked out. But for this idea to work the -packaging is going to need to be designed with it in mind. It's a bit of a -puzzle, and one that I'm going to marinate on longer, in addition to the quoting -of names. - -And that's names, their current behavior and possible future behavior. Keep an -eye out for more ginger posts in.... many months, because I'm going to go work -on other things for a while (I say, with a post from a month ago having ended -with the same sentiment). diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-23-the-cryptic-filesystem.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-01-23-the-cryptic-filesystem.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1c4138b..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-01-23-the-cryptic-filesystem.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,258 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - The Cryptic Filesystem -description: >- - Hey, I'm brainstorming here! -series: nebula -tags: tech ---- - -Presently the cryptic-net project has two components: a VPN layer (implemented -using [nebula][nebula], and DNS component which makes communicating across that -VPN a bit nicer. All of this is wrapped up in a nice bow using an AppImage and a -simple process manager. The foundation is laid for adding the next major -component: a filesystem layer. - -I've done a lot of research and talking about this layer, and you can see past -posts in this series talking about it. Unfortunately, I haven't really made much -progress on a solution. It really feels like there's nothing out there already -implemented, and we're going to have to do it from scratch. - -To briefly recap the general requirements of the cryptic network filesystem -(cryptic-fs), it must have: - -* Sharding of the fs dataset, so each node doesn't need to persist the full - dataset. - -* Replication factor (RF), so each piece of content must be persisted by at - least N nodes of the clusters. - -* Nodes are expected to be semi-permanent. They are expected to be in it for the - long-haul, but they also may flit in and out of existence frequently. - -* Each cryptic-fs process should be able to track multiple independent - filesystems, with each node in the cluster not necessarily tracking the same - set of filesystems as the others. - -This post is going to be a very high-level design document for what, in my head, -is the ideal implementation of cryptic-fs. _If_ cryptic-fs is ever actually -implemented it will very likely differ from this document in major ways, but one -must start somewhere. - -[nebula]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula - -## Merkle DAG - -It wouldn't be a modern network filesystem project if there wasn't a [Merkle -DAG][mdag]. The minutia of how a Merkle DAG works isn't super important here, -the important bits are: - -* Each file is represented by a content identifier (CID), which is essentially a - consistent hash of the file's contents. - -* Each directory is also represented by a CID which is generated by hashing the - CIDs of the directory's files and their metadata. - -* Since the root of the filesystem is itself a directory, the entire filesystem - can be represented by a single CID. By tracking the changing root CID all - hosts participating in the network filesystem can cheaply identify the latest - state of the entire filesystem. - -A storage system for a Merkle DAG is implemented as a key-value store which maps -CID to directory node or file contents. When nodes in the cluster communicate -about data in the filesystem they will do so using these CIDs; one node might -ask the other "can you give me CID `AAA`", and the other would respond with the -contents of `AAA` without really caring about whether or not that CID points to -a file or directory node or whatever. It's quite a simple system. - -As far as actual implementation of the storage component, it's very likely we -could re-use some part of the IPFS code-base rather than implementing this from -scratch. - -[mdag]: https://docs.ipfs.io/concepts/merkle-dag/ - -## Consensus - -The cluster of nodes needs to (roughly) agree on some things in order to -function: - -* What the current root CID of the filesystem is. - -* Which nodes have which CIDs persisted. - -These are all things which can change rapidly, and which _every_ node in the -cluster will need to stay up-to-date on. On the other hand, given efficient use -of the boolean tagged CIDs mentioned in the previous section, this is a dataset -which could easily fit in memory even for large filesystems. - -I've done a bunch of research here and I'm having trouble finding anything -existing which fits the bill. Most databases expect the set of nodes to be -pretty constant, so that eliminates most of them. Here's a couple of other ideas -I spitballed: - -* Taking advantage of the already written [go-ds-crdt][crdt] package which the - [IPFS Cluster][ipfscluster] project uses. My biggest concern with this - project, however, is that the entire history of the CRDT must be stored on - each node, which in our use-case could be a very long history. - -* Just saying fuck it and using a giant redis replica-set, where each node in - the cluster is a replica and one node is chosen to be the primary. [Redis - sentinel][sentinel] could be used to decide the current primary. The issue is - that I don't think sentinel is designed to handle hundreds or thousands of - nodes, which places a ceiling on cluster capacity. I'm also not confident that - the primary node could handle hundreds/thousands of replicas syncing from it - nicely; that's not something Redis likes to do. - -* Using a blockchain engine like [Tendermint][tendermint] to implement a custom, - private blockchain for the cluster. This could work performance-wise, but I - think it would suffer from the same issue as CRDT. - -It seems to me like some kind of WAN-optimized gossip protocol would be the -solution here. Each node already knows which CIDs it itself has persisted, so -what's left is for all nodes to agree on the latest root CID, and to coordinate -who is going to store what long-term. - -[crdt]: https://github.com/ipfs/go-ds-crdt -[ipfscluster]: https://cluster.ipfs.io/ -[sentinel]: https://redis.io/topics/sentinel -[tendermint]: https://tendermint.com/ - -### Gossip - -The [gossipsub][gossipsub] library which is built into libp2p seems like a good -starting place. It's optimized for WANs and, crucially, is already implemented. - -Gossipsub makes use of different topics, onto which peers in the cluster can -publish messages which other peers who are subscribed to those topics will -receive. It makes sense to have a topic-per-filesystem (remember, from the -original requirements, that there can be multiple filesystems being tracked), so -that each node in the cluster can choose for itself which filesystems it cares -to track. - -The messages which can get published will be dependent on the different -situations in which nodes will want to communicate, so it's worth enumerating -those. - -**Situation #1: Node A wants to obtain a CID**: Node A will send out a -`WHO_HAS:<CID>` message (not the actual syntax) to the topic. Node B (and -possibly others), which has the CID persisted, will respond with `I_HAVE:<CID>`. -The response will be sent directly from B to A, not broadcast over the topic, -since only A cares. The timing of B's response to A could be subject to a delay -based on B's current load, such that another less loaded node might get its -response in first. - -From here node A would initiate a download of the CID from B via a direct -connection. If node A has enough space then it will persist the contents of the -CID for the future. - -This situation could arise because the user has opened a file in the filesystem -for reading, or has attempted to enumerate the contents of a directory, and the -local storage doesn't already contain that CID. - -**Situation #2: Node A wants to delete a CID which it has persisted**: Similar -to #1, Node A needs to first ensure that other nodes have the CID persisted, in -order to maintain the RF across the filesystem. So node A first sends out a -`WHO_HAS:<CID>` message. If >=RF nodes respond with `I_HAVE:<CID>` then node A -can delete the CID from its storage without concern. Otherwise it should not -delete the CID. - -**Situation #2a: Node A wants to delete a CID which it has persisted, and which -is not part of the current filesystem**: If the filesystem is in a state where -the CID in question is no longer present in the system, then node A doesn't need -to care about the RF and therefore doesn't need to send any messages. - -**Situation #3: Node A wants to update the filesystem root CID**: This is as -simple as sending out a `ROOT:<CID>` message on the topic. Other nodes will -receive this and note the new root. - -**Situation #4: Node A wants to know the current filesystem root CID**: Node A -sends out a `ROOT?` message. Other nodes will respond to node A directly telling -it the current root CID. - -These describe the circumstances around the messages used across the gossip -protocol in a very shallow way. In order to properly flesh out the behavior of -the consistency mechanism we need to dive in a bit more. - -### Optimizations, Replication, and GC - -A key optimization worth hitting straight away is to declare that each node will -always immediately persist all directory CIDs whenever a `ROOT:<CID>` message is -received. This will _generally_ only involve a couple of round-trips with the -host which issued the `ROOT:<CID>` message, with opportunity for -parallelization. - -This could be a problem if the directory structure becomes _huge_, at which -point it might be worth placing some kind of limit on what percent of storage is -allowed for directory nodes. But really... just have less directories people! - -The next thing to dive in on is replication. We've already covered in situation - #1 what happens if a user specifically requests a file. But that's not enough -to ensure the RF of the entire filesystem, as some files might not be requested -by any users except the original user to add the file. - -We can note that each node knows when a file has been added to the filesystem, -thanks to each node knowing the full directory tree. So upon seeing that a new -file has been added, a node can issue a `WHO_HAS:<CID>` message for it, and if -less than RF nodes respond then it can persist the CID. This is all assuming -that the node has enough space for the new file. - -One wrinkle in that plan is that we don't want all nodes to send the -`WHO_HAS:<CID>` at the same time for the same CID, otherwise they'll all end up -downloading the CID and over-replicating it. A solution here is for each node to -delay it's `WHO_HAS:<CID>` based on how much space it has left for storage, so -nodes with more free space are more eager to pull in new files. - -Additionally, we want to have nodes periodically check the replication status of -each CID in the filesystem. This is because nodes might pop in and out of -existence randomly, and the cluster needs to account for that. The way this can -work is that each node periodically picks a CID at random and checks the -replication status of it. If the period between checks is calculated as being -based on number of online nodes in the cluster and the number of CIDs which can -be checked, then it can be assured that all CIDs will be checked within a -reasonable amount of time with minimal overhead. - -This dovetails nicely with garbage collection. Given that nodes can flit in and -out of existence, a node might come back from having been down for a time, and -all CIDs it had persisted would then be over-replicated. So the same process -which is checking for under-replicated files will also be checking for -over-replicated files. - -### Limitations - -This consistency mechanism has a lot of nice properties: it's eventually -consistent, it nicely handles nodes coming in and out of existence without any -coordination between the nodes, and it _should_ be pretty fast for most cases. -However, it has its downsides. - -There's definitely room for inconsistency between each node's view of the -filesystem, especially when it comes to the `ROOT:<CID>` messages. If two nodes -issue `ROOT:<CID>` messages at the same time then it's extremely likely nodes -will have a split view of the filesystem, and there's not a great way to -resolve this until another change is made on another node. This is probably the -weakest point of the whole design. - -[gossipsub]: https://github.com/libp2p/specs/tree/master/pubsub/gossipsub - -## FUSE - -The final piece is the FUSE connector for the filesystem, which is how users -actually interact with each filesystem being tracked by their node. This is -actually the easiest component, if we use an idea borrowed from -[Tahoe-LAFS][tahoe], cryptic-fs can expose an SFTP endpoint and that's it. - -The idea is that hooking up an existing SFTP implementation to the rest of -cryptic-fs should be pretty straightforward, and then every OS should already -have some kind of mount-SFTP-as-FUSE mechanism already, either built into it or -as an existing application. Exposing an SFTP endpoint also allows a user to -access the cryptic-fs remotely if they want to. - -[tahoe]: https://tahoe-lafs.org/trac/tahoe-lafs - -## Ok - -So all that said, clearly the hard part is the consistency mechanism. It's not -even fully developed in this document, but it's almost there. The next step, -beyond polishing up the consistency mechanism, is going to be roughly figuring -out all the interfaces and types involved in the implementation, planning out -how those will all interact with each other, and then finally an actual -implementation! diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-03-13-the-case-for-open-infrastructure.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-03-13-the-case-for-open-infrastructure.md deleted file mode 100644 index ed4aaa2..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-03-13-the-case-for-open-infrastructure.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,221 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - The Case for Open Infrastructure -description: >- - Without using the word which starts with "W" and ends in "3". -tags: tech crypto ---- - -Today I saw an image which made feel deeply sad. This one: - - - -In May of 2020 Keybase, one of my all-time favorite web services, was bought by -Zoom, the international collaboration sensation. Almost precisely since that -moment, Keybase has effectively been put on ice. [The final post on the Keybase -Blog][zoom] is refreshingly up-front about this: - -[zoom]: https://keybase.io/blog/keybase-joins-zoom - -> Initially, our single top priority is helping to make Zoom even more secure. There are no specific plans for the Keybase app yet. Ultimately Keybase's future is in Zoom's hands, and we'll see where that takes us. Of course, if anything changes about Keybase’s availability, our users will get plenty of notice. - -To be fair, there are still a few devs still handling Github issues and -committing code. The servers have not been shut down, user data is not lost. The -source code, for both client and server, is still available. The lights are -still on! Nevertheless, I've made every effort to move my data off of Keybase. - -This hasn't been done lightly. I was a long-time Keybase user, frequent -advocate, and even friend to some of the team. Keybase has a lot of cool -features built on top of its rock-solid private storage, and I used them to -build the foundation of my digital presence over many years. Clearly, I don't -_want_ to leave Keybase. It feels like saying goodbye to an old friend. - -But I've seen this movie before, and I know how it ends. At least doing it now -means I can find replacements for each of Keybase's features at my leisure, -rather than being forced into doing so in a scramble just before the hammer -falls. - -## Open-Source is not Enough - -The source code for Keybase is, right now, fully open source on -[their Github][kb-src]. Why couldn't someone spin up their own copy for -themselves and their friends, give it a stupid name, and keep the party rolling? - -[kb-src]: https://github.com/keybase - -The reason is that Keybase wasn't designed to be hosted by anyone except the -Keybase team. There's no documentation on how to run the backend, and only a -9-page long string of Github projects to go on. Even if someone were to figure -it out, the system is probably designed to be a globally scalable service, not a -small clone being hosted for the benefit of a few. The design and expense of two -such systems are vastly different, and not always compatible. - -While the Keybase _source code_ may be open, the _infrastructure_ is closed. - -Infrastructure refers to the computer hardware which hosts data and runs -processes on behalf of a service's users, as opposed to users doing so -themselves. Users generally have very small resources, think a phone or laptop, -which are not always online. If you want to host 22 terabytes of family photos, -you won't be doing so on your laptop. - -You might instead upload them to Keybase, in which case Keybase's servers -will hold onto them for you, and make them available to you whenever you want to -view them. You are now a user of the Keybase service, which is hosted on the -Keybase company's infrastructure. - -This arrangement, dubbed a "cloud service", is exceedingly common in the tech -industry, and its weakest point is the company part. Even if the code and the -infrastructure are perfect, and users are completely hooked, and the service -could change the world... if there's no money there's no company. - -And yet, even if there is no money, the company must still posture as if there -is going to be, in order to attract investors. These investors then pay for the -infrastructure, in exchange for a cut of any future money. - -This posturing excludes anyone who's not downstream of the company from -participating in hosting the infrastructure, as they might then deserve some of -the money too. The investors will likely make more by selling the whole company -to a bigger fish than if they dilute their share of the profits. This is -reflected in the design of the infrastructure itself. It's locked down to anyone -not employed, directly or indirectly, by the company. - -In the end the services we rely on rank profitability and exclusivity over -usefulness and endurance, and the internet is worse off for it. We can do -better. - -## Open Infrastructure - -Open infrastructure is the idea that anyone can help host the infrastructure of -a service they care about, without any barriers to them doing so beyond their -ability to manage the hardware. - -The developers of an open infrastructure service don't have to actually manage -the infrastructure themselves, a demanding and time-consuming task, so the -service can be built by volunteers or a small company that isn't directly making -money from the service. And because usefulness now ranks above profitability, -the actual needs of the users of this service can be directly addressed. - -None of these ideas around open infrastructure are new, though the wording might -be, and there's already quite a bit of progress made in this direction. To get a -feel for this progress it's worth perusing some of the existing projects and -communities in this space. As we do so I'm going to break the open -infrastructure space up into three notable, though frequently overlapping, -parts: self-hosted, federated, and distributed. - -### Self-Hosted - -Self-hosted services are those designed to be hosted by individuals or -households for their own personal use. They may be hosted on a home-server, -Raspberry Pi, or other similar device. One installation of a self-hosted service -often never interacts with another, as the user's own infrastructure is enough -to accomplish the service's goal. - -Examples of self-hosting use-cases include: - -* A personal website or blog (like this one) - -* Media library platforms (Jellyfin, Ultrasonic) - -* Photo and video sync/storage (Piwigo) - -* Document archival and search (Paperless) - -* Entire "cloud" replacement suites (NextCloud) - -Self-hosting is popular among enthusiasts, but is not popular outside that realm -due to the requirement of managing your own infrastructure. - -### Federated - -Federated services are designed to be hosted by a small to medium sized entity, -and to serve many more users than are involved in the hosting. The entity may be -a company servicing its employees, members of a community hosting services -for their peers, or a paid service hosting for its customers. One installation -of a federated service will often communicate with another by design, so that -users of the one installation may interact with those on another. - -Email is the classic example of a federated service. Each user has an account -with someone running an email server, and they use those servers to exchange -messages with users of other email servers. In the past it wasn't uncommon for -an ISP to host a mail server for its customers, and to this day many companies -still manage email servers for their employees. - -The line between federated and self-hosted can sometimes be quite blury, as it's -frequently possible for an individual to set up a federated service just for -themselves. - -Examples of federation use-cases, besides email, include: - -* Chat servers (IRC, Matrix) - -* Micro-blogs, aka Twitter replacements (Mastadon, MissKey) - -* Code hosting (Gitea) - -* Social link aggregators, aka Reddit replacements (Lemmy) - -* Video streaming platforms (PeerTube) - -### Distributed - -Where self-hosted services are hosted by-and-for individuals or very small -groups, and federated services are hosted by small groups for larger groups, -distributed services are hosted by both individuals and groups for _everyone_. - -The key differentiator between a federated and a distributed service is that in -a federated service the user interacts with a specific server, or set of -servers, that they have a relationship with. In a distributed service the user -has no relationship with those who run the infrastructure, and so users interact -with whoever they can get ahold of. - -Examples of distributed service use-cases include: - -* Data distribution (IPFS, BitTorrent magnet links) - -* Distributed transaction ledgers (Blockchains, love 'em or hate 'em!) - -* Onion routing (Tor) - -There aren't many examples of truly distributed services that have stood the -test of time, as the protocols and algorithms used to manage these global -datasets are quite tricky to get right. It's possible that the recent advent of -blockchains will change this, though blockchains usually assume some sort of -direct compensation from users to "miners", a barrier not usually found in -federated services. - ------ - -I don't delineate these categories in order to direct you to one or the other, -or to exhaustively list _every_ ongoing project in this space. Rather, I hope -this gives you a starting point if you're wondering what sorts of problems are -able to be solved using open infrastructure, and how people are approaching -them. Perhaps there's a problem you care about, and there's a way to solve it -using an open infrastructure based solution. - -## It's on us - -The ideas presented here aren't some pie-in-the-sky, utopian fantasy; this is -happening, and it's happening for good reasons. Some may argue that -infrastructure can't survive without a profit model to pay for it, or that -for-profit services are of higher quality and so free versions will never take -off, or that if services are free to host then no one will make them. People -said much the same about open source software. - -The open source movement has shown that participation, not profitability, is the -primary driver of successful software. Why should it not be the case for our -service infrastructure? - ------ - -**Footnotes** - -* I use a lot of words here whose definitions are by no means agreed upon. I've - done my best to stick to my best understanding of word meanings, and to be - consistent in them. If you disagree with my usage of a word, I'm sorry. It - doesn't mean either of us is wrong, we just speak different. - -* There is an existing project, under the OpenStack project, called Open - Infrastructure. It has to do with some kind of standardization around the - infrastructure used for cloud services. Unfortunately, the word - "infrastructure" has a much broader meaning than what they are using it for, - and I don't think there's a better word for what I'm trying to describe. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-04-03-ginger-a-small-vm-update.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-04-03-ginger-a-small-vm-update.md deleted file mode 100644 index 74395f0..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-04-03-ginger-a-small-vm-update.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,222 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Ginger: A Small VM Update -description: >- - It works gooder now. -tags: tech -series: ginger ---- - -During some recent traveling I had to be pulled away from cryptic-net work for a -while. Instead I managed to spend a few free hours, and the odd international -plane ride, to fix the ginger vm. - -The problem, as it stood, was that it only functioned "correctly" in a very -accidental sense. I knew from the moment that I published it that it would get -mostly rewritten immediately. - -And so here we are, with a rewritten vm and some new realizations. - -## Operation - -The `Operation` type was previously defined like so: - -``` -type Operation interface { - Perform([]Thunk, Operation) (Thunk, error) -} -``` - -I'm not going to explain it, because it's both confusing and wrong. - -One thing that is helpful in a refactor, especially in a strongly typed -language, is to tag certain interfaces as being axiomatic, and conforming the -rest of your changes around those. If those interfaces are simple enough to -apply broadly _and_ accurately describe desired behavior, they will help -pre-decide many difficult decisions you'd otherwise have to make. - -So with that mind, I tagged `Operation` as being an axiomatic interface, given -that ginger is aiming to be a functional language (and I'm wondering if I should -just rename `Operation` to `Function`, while I'm at it). The new definition of -the interface is: - -``` -type Operation interface { - Perform(Value) Value -} -``` - -`Operation` takes and argument and returns a result, it could not possibly be -boiled down any further. By holding `Operation` to this definition and making -decisions from there, it was pretty clear what the next point of attack was. - -## If/Recur - -The reason that `Operation` had previously been defined in such a fucked up way -was to support the `if` and `recur` `Operation`s, as if they weren't different -than any other `Operation`s. But truthfully they are different, as they are -actually control flow constructs, and so require capabilities that no other -`Operation` would be allowed to use anyway. - -The new implementation reflects this. `if` and `recur` are now both handled -directly by the compiler, while global `Operation`s like `tupEl` are -implementations of the `Operation` interface. - -## Compile Step - -The previous iteration of the vm hadn't distinguished between a compile step and -a run step. In a way it did both at the same time, by abusing the `Thunk` type. -Separating the two steps, and ditching the `Thunk` type in the process, was the -next major change in the refactoring. - -The compile step can be modeled as a function which takes a `Graph` and returns -an `Operation`, where the `Graph`'s `in` and `out` names correspond to the -`Operation`'s argument and return, respectively. The run step then reads an -input from the user, calls the compiled `Operation` with that input, and outputs -the result back to the user. - -As an example, given the following program: - -``` -* six-or-more.gg - -max = { - a = tupEl < (in, 0) - b = tupEl < (in, 1) - out = if < (gt < (a, b), a, b) -} - -out = max < (in, 6) -``` - -we want to compile an `Operation` which accepts a number and returns the greater -of that number and 6. I'm going to use anonymous go functions to demonstrate the -anatomy of the compiled `Operation`, as that's what's happening in the current -compiler anyway. - -``` -// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an -// Operation. - -sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value { - - max := func(in Value) Value { - - a := tupEl(in, 0) - b := tupEl(in, 1) - - if a > b { - return a - } - - return b - } - - return max(in, 6) -} -``` - -Or at least, this is what I tried for _initially_. What I found was that it was -easier, in the context of how `graph.MapReduce` works, to make even the leaf -values, e.g. `in`, `0`, `1`, and `6`, map to `Operations` as well. `in` is -replaced with an anonymous function which returns its argument, and the numbers -are replaced with anonymous functions which ignore their argument and always -return their respective number. - -So the compiled `Operation` looks more like this: - -``` -// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an -// Operation. - -sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value { - - max := func(in Value) Value { - - a := tupEl( - func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), - func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in), - ) - - b := tupEl( - func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), - func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in), - ) - - if a > b { - return a - } - - return b - } - - return max( - func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), - func(_ Value) Value { return 6}(in), - ) -} -``` - -This added layer of indirection for all leaf values is not great for -performance, and there's probably further refactoring which could be done to -make the result look more like the original ideal. - -To make things a bit messier, even that representation isn't quite accurate to -the current result. The compiler doesn't properly de-duplicate work when -following name values. In other words, everytime `a` is referenced within `max`, -the `Operation` which the compiler produces will recompute `a` via `tupEl`. - -So the _actual_ compiled `Operation` looks more like this: - -``` -// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an -// Operation. - -sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value { - - return func(in Value) Value { - - if tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in)) > - tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in)) { - - return tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in)) - } - - return tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in)) - }( - func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), - func(_ Value) Value { return 6}(in), - ) -} -``` - -Clearly, there's some optimization to be done still. - -## Results - -While it's still not perfect, the new implementation is far and away better than -the old. This can be seen just in the performance for the fibonacci program: - -``` -# Previous VM - -$ time ./eval "$(cat examples/fib.gg)" 10 -55 - -real 0m8.737s -user 0m9.871s -sys 0m0.309s -``` - -``` -# New VM - -$ time ./eval "$(cat examples/fib.gg)" 50 -12586269025 - -real 0m0.003s -user 0m0.003s -sys 0m0.000s -``` - -They're not even comparable. diff --git a/static/src/_posts/2022-05-03-why-do-we-have-wifi-passwords.md b/static/src/_posts/2022-05-03-why-do-we-have-wifi-passwords.md deleted file mode 100644 index 62c16af..0000000 --- a/static/src/_posts/2022-05-03-why-do-we-have-wifi-passwords.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: >- - Why Do We Have WiFi Passwords? -description: >- - A possible UX improvement. -tags: tech ---- - -It's been longer than I'd like since the last post, and unfortunately I don't -have a ton that I can actually show for it. A lot of time has been spent on -cryptic-net, which is coming along great and even has a proper storage mechanism -now! But it also still has some data specific to our own network baked into the -code, so it can't be shown publicly yet. - ------ - -Since I don't have much I _can_ show, I thought I'd spend a post diving into a -thought I had the other day: **why do we have wifi passwords?** - -The question is a bit facetious. Really what I want to ask is the adjacent -question: why do we use usernames _and_ passwords for wifi networks? The -question doesn't make much sense standing alone though, so it wouldn't do as a -title. - -In any case, what I'm proposing is that the vast majority of people don't need a -username/password authentication mechanism to secure their wifi network in a -practical way. Rather, most people could get along just fine with a secret token -mechanism. - -In the case of wifi networks, a secret token system might be better named a -secret _name_ mechanism. Using this mechanism a router would not broadcast its -own name to be discovered by the user's device, but rather the user inputs the -name into their device themselves. Existing hidden wifi networks work in this -way already, except they also require a password. - -I'm not going to look at this from a technical or cryptographical perspective. -Hidden wifi networks work already, I assume that under the hood this wouldn't be -appreciably different. Instead I'd like to highlight how this change affects the -user experience of joining a wifi network. - -The current experience is as follows: - -* USER discovers the network name and password through external means. -* USER opens "add new wifi network" page on their device. -* USER finds network name in network list, possibly waiting or scrolling if - there are many networks. -* USER selects the network name. -* USER inputs password into text box. -* USER is connected to the wifi. - -What could this look like if the network name was secret and there was no -password? There'd be no network list, so the whole process is much slimmer: - -* USER discovers the secret network name through external means. -* USER opens "add new wifi network" page on their device. -* USER inputs secret name into text box. -* USER is connected to the wifi. - -The result is a 33% reduction in number of steps, and a 50% reduction in number -of things the user has to know. The experience is virtually the same across all -other axis. - -So the upside of this proposal is clear, a far better UX, but what are the -downsides? Losing a fun avenue of self-expression in the form of wifi names is -probably the most compelling one I've thought of. There's also corporate -environments to consider (as one always must), where it's more practical to -remove users from the network in a targeted way, by revoking accounts, vs -changing the password for everyone anytime a user needs to be excluded. - -Corporate offices can keep their usernames and passwords, I guess, and we -should come up with some other radio-based graffiti mechanism in any case. Let's -just get rid of these pointless extra steps! - ------ - -That's the post. Making this proposal into reality would require a movement far -larger than I care to organize, so we're just going to put this whole thing in -the "fun, pointless yak-shave" bucket and move along. If you happen to know the -architect of the next wifi protocol maybe slip this their way? Or just copy it -and take the credit yourself, that's fine by me. - -What's coming next? I'm taking a break from cryptic to catch up on some house -keeping in the self-hosted arena. I've got a brand new password manager I'd like -to try, as well as some motivation to finish getting my own email server -properly set up (it can currently only send mail). At some point I'd like to get -this blog gemini-ified too. Plus there's some services running in their -vestigial docker containers on my server still, that needs to be remedied. - -And somewhere in there I have to move too. diff --git a/static/src/chat.md b/static/src/chat.md deleted file mode 100644 index 56be112..0000000 --- a/static/src/chat.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,248 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: page ---- - -<script async type="module" src="/assets/api.js"></script> - -<style> - #messages { - max-height: 65vh; - overflow: auto; - padding-right: 2rem; - } - - #messages .message { - border: 1px solid #AAA; - border-radius: 10px; - margin-bottom: 1rem; - padding: 2rem; - overflow: auto; - } - - #messages .message .title { - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 120%; - } - - #messages .message .secondaryTitle { - font-family: monospace; - color: #CCC; - } - - #messages .message p { - font-family: monospace; - margin: 1rem 0 0 0; - } - -</style> - -<div id="messages"></div> - -<span id="fail" style="color: red;"></span> - -<script> - -const messagesEl = document.getElementById("messages"); - -let messagesScrolledToBottom = true; -messagesEl.onscroll = () => { - const el = messagesEl; - messagesScrolledToBottom = el.scrollHeight == el.scrollTop + el.clientHeight; -}; - -function renderMessages(msgs) { - - messagesEl.innerHTML = ''; - - msgs.forEach((msg) => { - const el = document.createElement("div"); - el.className = "row message" - - const elWithTextContents = (tag, body) => { - const el = document.createElement(tag); - el.appendChild(document.createTextNode(body)); - return el; - }; - - const titleEl = document.createElement("div"); - titleEl.className = "title"; - el.appendChild(titleEl); - - const userNameEl = elWithTextContents("span", msg.userID.name); - titleEl.appendChild(userNameEl); - - const secondaryTitleEl = document.createElement("div"); - secondaryTitleEl.className = "secondaryTitle"; - el.appendChild(secondaryTitleEl); - - const dt = new Date(msg.createdAt*1000); - const dtStr - = `${dt.getFullYear()}-${dt.getMonth()+1}-${dt.getDate()}` - + ` ${dt.getHours()}:${dt.getMinutes()}:${dt.getSeconds()}`; - - const userIDEl = elWithTextContents("span", `userID:${msg.userID.id} @ ${dtStr}`); - secondaryTitleEl.appendChild(userIDEl); - - const bodyEl = document.createElement("p"); - - const bodyParts = msg.body.split("\n"); - for (const i in bodyParts) { - if (i > 0) bodyEl.appendChild(document.createElement("br")); - bodyEl.appendChild(document.createTextNode(bodyParts[i])); - } - - el.appendChild(bodyEl); - - messagesEl.appendChild(el); - }); -} - - -(async () => { - - const failEl = document.getElementById("fail"); - setErr = (msg) => failEl.innerHTML = `${msg} (please refresh the page to retry)`; - - try { - - const api = await import("/assets/api.js"); - - const history = await api.call("/api/chat/global/history"); - const msgs = history.messages; - - // history returns msgs in time descending, but we display them in time - // ascending. - msgs.reverse() - - const sinceID = (msgs.length > 0) ? msgs[msgs.length-1].id : ""; - - const ws = await api.ws("/api/chat/global/listen", { - params: { sinceID }, - }); - - while (true) { - renderMessages(msgs); - - // If the user was previously scrolled to the bottom then keep them - // there. - if (messagesScrolledToBottom) { - messagesEl.scrollTop = messagesEl.scrollHeight; - } - - const msg = await ws.next(); - msgs.push(msg.message); - renderMessages(msgs); - } - - - } catch (e) { - e = `Failed to fetch message history: ${e}` - setErr(e); - console.error(e); - return; - } - -})() - -</script> - -<style> -#append { - border: 1px dashed #AAA; - border-radius: 10px; - padding: 2rem; -} - -#append #appendBody { - font-family: monospace; -} - -#append #appendStatus { - color: red; -} - -</style> - -<form id="append"> - <h5>New Message</h5> - <div class="row"> - <div class="columns four"> - <input class="u-full-width" placeholder="Name" id="appendName" type="text" /> - <input class="u-full-width" placeholder="Secret" id="appendSecret" type="password" /> - </div> - <div class="columns eight"> - <p> - Your name is displayed alongside your message. - - Your name+secret is used to generate your userID, which is also - displayed alongside your message. - - Other users can validate two messages are from the same person - by comparing the messages' userID. - </p> - </div> - </div> - <div class="row"> - <div class="columns twelve"> - <textarea - style="font-family: monospace" - id="appendBody" - class="u-full-width" - placeholder="Well thought out statement goes here..." - ></textarea> - </div> - </div> - <div class="row"> - <div class="columns four"> - <input class="u-full-width button-primary" id="appendSubmit" type="button" value="Submit" /> - </div> - </div> - <span id="appendStatus"></span> -</form> - -<script> - -const append = document.getElementById("append"); -const appendName = document.getElementById("appendName"); -const appendSecret = document.getElementById("appendSecret"); -const appendBody = document.getElementById("appendBody"); -const appendSubmit = document.getElementById("appendSubmit"); -const appendStatus = document.getElementById("appendStatus"); - -appendSubmit.onclick = async () => { - - const appendSubmitOrigValue = appendSubmit.value; - - appendSubmit.disabled = true; - appendSubmit.className = ""; - appendSubmit.value = "Please hold..."; - - appendStatus.innerHTML = ''; - - try { - - const api = await import("/assets/api.js"); - - await api.call('/api/chat/global/append', { - body: { - name: appendName.value, - password: appendSecret.value, - body: appendBody.value, - }, - requiresPow: true, - }); - - appendBody.value = ''; - - } catch (e) { - - appendStatus.innerHTML = e; - - } finally { - appendSubmit.disabled = false; - appendSubmit.className = "button-primary"; - appendSubmit.value = appendSubmitOrigValue; - } -}; - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/follow.md b/static/src/follow.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0036644..0000000 --- a/static/src/follow.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: page -title: "Follow the Blog" -nofollow: true ---- - -<script async type="module" src="/assets/api.js"></script> - -Here's your options for receiving updates about new blog posts: - -## Option 1: Email - -Email is by far my preferred option for notifying followers of new posts. - -The entire email list system for this blog, from storing subscriber email -addresses to the email server which sends the notifications out, has been -designed from scratch and is completely self-hosted in my living room. - -I solemnly swear that: - -* You will never receive an email from this blog except to notify of a new post. - -* Your email will never be provided or sold to anyone else for any reason. - -With all that said, if you'd like to receive an email everytime a new blog post -is published then input your email below and smash that subscribe button! - -<style> - -#emailStatus.success { - color: green; -} - -#emailStatus.fail { - color: red; -} - -</style> - -<input type="email" placeholder="name@host.com" id="emailAddress" /> -<input class="button-primary" type="submit" value="Subscribe" id="emailSubscribe" /> -<span id="emailStatus"></span> - -<script> - -const emailAddress = document.getElementById("emailAddress"); -const emailSubscribe = document.getElementById("emailSubscribe"); -const emailSubscribeOrigValue = emailSubscribe.value; -const emailStatus = document.getElementById("emailStatus"); - -emailSubscribe.onclick = async () => { - - const api = await import("/assets/api.js"); - - emailSubscribe.disabled = true; - emailSubscribe.className = ""; - emailSubscribe.value = "Please hold..."; - emailStatus.innerHTML = ''; - - try { - - if (!window.isSecureContext) { - throw "The browser environment is not secure."; - } - - await api.call('/api/mailinglist/subscribe', { - body: { email: emailAddress.value }, - requiresPow: true, - }); - - emailStatus.className = "success"; - emailStatus.innerHTML = "Verification email sent (check your spam folder)"; - - } catch (e) { - emailStatus.className = "fail"; - emailStatus.innerHTML = e; - - } finally { - emailSubscribe.disabled = false; - emailSubscribe.className = "button-primary"; - emailSubscribe.value = emailSubscribeOrigValue; - } - -}; - -</script> - -(HINDSIGHT NOTE: We're like three posts in since I set the mailing list up, and -GMail is already marking me as spam. So... check your spam folders folks!) - -## Option 2: RSS - -RSS is the classic way to follow any blog. It comes from a time before -aggregators like reddit and twitter stole the show, when people felt capable to -manage their own content feeds. We should use it again. - -To follow over RSS give any RSS reader the following URL... - -<a href="{{site.url}}/feed.xml">{{site.url}}/feed.xml</a> - -...and posts from this blog will show up in your RSS feed as soon as they are -published. There are literally thousands of RSS readers out there. Here's some -recommendations: - -* [Google Chrome Browser Extension](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/rss-feed-reader/pnjaodmkngahhkoihejjehlcdlnohgmp) - -* [spaRSS](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.etuldan.sparss.floss/) is my - preferred android RSS reader, but you'll need to install - [f-droid](https://f-droid.org/) on your device to use it (a good thing to do - anyway, imo). - -* [NetNewsWire](https://ranchero.com/netnewswire/) is a good reader for - iPhone/iPad/Mac devices, so I'm told. 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index 30727d6..0000000 --- a/static/src/index.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: default ---- - -{%- if site.posts.size > 0 -%} -<ul id="posts-list"> - {%- for post in site.posts -%} - {%- if post.hide -%}{%- continue -%}{%- endif -%} - <li> - <h2> - <a href="{{ post.url | relative_url }}"> - {{ post.title | escape }} - </a> - </h2> - <span>{{ post.date | date: site.date_format }}</span> - {%- if post.updated %} - <span>(Updated {{ post.updated | date: site.date_format }})</span> - {% endif -%} - <p>{{ post.description }}</p> - </li> - {%- endfor -%} -</ul> -{%- endif -%} diff --git a/static/src/mailinglist/finalize.md b/static/src/mailinglist/finalize.md deleted file mode 100644 index a80809d..0000000 --- a/static/src/mailinglist/finalize.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: page -title: "" -nofollow: true ---- - -<script async type="module" src="/assets/api.js"></script> - -<style> -#result.success { color: green; } -#result.fail { color: red; } -</style> - -<span id="result"></span> - -<script> - -(async () => { - - const resultSpan = document.getElementById("result"); - - try { - - const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); - const subToken = urlParams.get('subToken'); - - if (!subToken) throw "No subscription token provided"; - - const api = await import("/assets/api.js"); - - await api.call('/api/mailinglist/finalize', { - body: { subToken }, - }); - - resultSpan.className = "success"; - resultSpan.innerHTML = "Your email subscription has been finalized! Please go on about your day."; - - } catch (e) { - resultSpan.className = "fail"; - resultSpan.innerHTML = e; - } - -})(); - -</script> diff --git a/static/src/mailinglist/unsubscribe.md b/static/src/mailinglist/unsubscribe.md deleted file mode 100644 index f6600c9..0000000 --- a/static/src/mailinglist/unsubscribe.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ ---- -layout: page -title: "" -nofollow: true ---- - -<script async type="module" src="/assets/api.js"></script> - -<style> -#result.success { color: green; } -#result.fail { color: red; } -</style> - -<span id="result"></span> - -<script> - -(async () => { - - const resultSpan = document.getElementById("result"); - - try { - const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); - const unsubToken = urlParams.get('unsubToken'); - - if (!unsubToken) throw "No unsubscribe token provided"; - - const api = await import("/assets/api.js"); - - await api.call('/api/mailinglist/unsubscribe', { - body: { unsubToken }, - }); - - resultSpan.className = "success"; - resultSpan.innerHTML = "You have been unsubscribed! Please go on about your day."; - - } catch (e) { - resultSpan.className = "fail"; - resultSpan.innerHTML = e; - } - -})(); - -</script> - |
