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authorBrian Picciano <mediocregopher@gmail.com>2022-05-21 14:07:14 -0600
committerBrian Picciano <mediocregopher@gmail.com>2022-05-21 14:07:14 -0600
commitf3340ae5f4ac6c60823bf4d14e1fcdbeaaec353c (patch)
tree41d7eda870083cfa0776d650478ceeb2baee2837 /static/src/_posts/2022-04-03-ginger-a-small-vm-update.md
parent55eb40d4bb489b2b26ab5d0ce2c70c7cb2f766b7 (diff)
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----
-title: >-
- Ginger: A Small VM Update
-description: >-
- It works gooder now.
-tags: tech
-series: ginger
----
-
-During some recent traveling I had to be pulled away from cryptic-net work for a
-while. Instead I managed to spend a few free hours, and the odd international
-plane ride, to fix the ginger vm.
-
-The problem, as it stood, was that it only functioned "correctly" in a very
-accidental sense. I knew from the moment that I published it that it would get
-mostly rewritten immediately.
-
-And so here we are, with a rewritten vm and some new realizations.
-
-## Operation
-
-The `Operation` type was previously defined like so:
-
-```
-type Operation interface {
- Perform([]Thunk, Operation) (Thunk, error)
-}
-```
-
-I'm not going to explain it, because it's both confusing and wrong.
-
-One thing that is helpful in a refactor, especially in a strongly typed
-language, is to tag certain interfaces as being axiomatic, and conforming the
-rest of your changes around those. If those interfaces are simple enough to
-apply broadly _and_ accurately describe desired behavior, they will help
-pre-decide many difficult decisions you'd otherwise have to make.
-
-So with that mind, I tagged `Operation` as being an axiomatic interface, given
-that ginger is aiming to be a functional language (and I'm wondering if I should
-just rename `Operation` to `Function`, while I'm at it). The new definition of
-the interface is:
-
-```
-type Operation interface {
- Perform(Value) Value
-}
-```
-
-`Operation` takes and argument and returns a result, it could not possibly be
-boiled down any further. By holding `Operation` to this definition and making
-decisions from there, it was pretty clear what the next point of attack was.
-
-## If/Recur
-
-The reason that `Operation` had previously been defined in such a fucked up way
-was to support the `if` and `recur` `Operation`s, as if they weren't different
-than any other `Operation`s. But truthfully they are different, as they are
-actually control flow constructs, and so require capabilities that no other
-`Operation` would be allowed to use anyway.
-
-The new implementation reflects this. `if` and `recur` are now both handled
-directly by the compiler, while global `Operation`s like `tupEl` are
-implementations of the `Operation` interface.
-
-## Compile Step
-
-The previous iteration of the vm hadn't distinguished between a compile step and
-a run step. In a way it did both at the same time, by abusing the `Thunk` type.
-Separating the two steps, and ditching the `Thunk` type in the process, was the
-next major change in the refactoring.
-
-The compile step can be modeled as a function which takes a `Graph` and returns
-an `Operation`, where the `Graph`'s `in` and `out` names correspond to the
-`Operation`'s argument and return, respectively. The run step then reads an
-input from the user, calls the compiled `Operation` with that input, and outputs
-the result back to the user.
-
-As an example, given the following program:
-
-```
-* six-or-more.gg
-
-max = {
- a = tupEl < (in, 0)
- b = tupEl < (in, 1)
- out = if < (gt < (a, b), a, b)
-}
-
-out = max < (in, 6)
-```
-
-we want to compile an `Operation` which accepts a number and returns the greater
-of that number and 6. I'm going to use anonymous go functions to demonstrate the
-anatomy of the compiled `Operation`, as that's what's happening in the current
-compiler anyway.
-
-```
-// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an
-// Operation.
-
-sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value {
-
- max := func(in Value) Value {
-
- a := tupEl(in, 0)
- b := tupEl(in, 1)
-
- if a > b {
- return a
- }
-
- return b
- }
-
- return max(in, 6)
-}
-```
-
-Or at least, this is what I tried for _initially_. What I found was that it was
-easier, in the context of how `graph.MapReduce` works, to make even the leaf
-values, e.g. `in`, `0`, `1`, and `6`, map to `Operations` as well. `in` is
-replaced with an anonymous function which returns its argument, and the numbers
-are replaced with anonymous functions which ignore their argument and always
-return their respective number.
-
-So the compiled `Operation` looks more like this:
-
-```
-// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an
-// Operation.
-
-sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value {
-
- max := func(in Value) Value {
-
- a := tupEl(
- func(in Value) Value { return in }(in),
- func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in),
- )
-
- b := tupEl(
- func(in Value) Value { return in }(in),
- func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in),
- )
-
- if a > b {
- return a
- }
-
- return b
- }
-
- return max(
- func(in Value) Value { return in }(in),
- func(_ Value) Value { return 6}(in),
- )
-}
-```
-
-This added layer of indirection for all leaf values is not great for
-performance, and there's probably further refactoring which could be done to
-make the result look more like the original ideal.
-
-To make things a bit messier, even that representation isn't quite accurate to
-the current result. The compiler doesn't properly de-duplicate work when
-following name values. In other words, everytime `a` is referenced within `max`,
-the `Operation` which the compiler produces will recompute `a` via `tupEl`.
-
-So the _actual_ compiled `Operation` looks more like this:
-
-```
-// After compilation, this function will be in-memory and usable as an
-// Operation.
-
-sixOrMore := func(in Value) Value {
-
- return func(in Value) Value {
-
- if tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in)) >
- tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in)) {
-
- return tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 0}(in))
- }
-
- return tupEl(func(in Value) Value { return in }(in), func(_ Value) Value { return 1}(in))
- }(
- func(in Value) Value { return in }(in),
- func(_ Value) Value { return 6}(in),
- )
-}
-```
-
-Clearly, there's some optimization to be done still.
-
-## Results
-
-While it's still not perfect, the new implementation is far and away better than
-the old. This can be seen just in the performance for the fibonacci program:
-
-```
-# Previous VM
-
-$ time ./eval "$(cat examples/fib.gg)" 10
-55
-
-real 0m8.737s
-user 0m9.871s
-sys 0m0.309s
-```
-
-```
-# New VM
-
-$ time ./eval "$(cat examples/fib.gg)" 50
-12586269025
-
-real 0m0.003s
-user 0m0.003s
-sys 0m0.000s
-```
-
-They're not even comparable.